1. Paleozoic Geology Floods, Glaciers, and The Birth of Pangea

2. Paleozoic 543-248 Myr Early Middle Late

3. Key Events of the Paleozoic 1.Six major continents formed by the breakup of Rodinia converge to form Pangea 2.Sea Level rose to cover large sections of the continents four times 3.Two major Ice Ages chilled the planet 4.Life diversified and moved to the land, but was also “set back” by three major extinctions

4. The Growth of Pangea

5. Important Continents & Terrains, & Oceans of the Paleozoic Laurentia - North America Baltica - Europe Laurasia - formed by combination of Laurentia and Baltica Siberia - Siberia Gondwana - Africa, S. America, India, Ausralia, Antarctica Pangea - late Paleozoic supercontinent Taconic Arc - Volcanic Arc in the Iapetus Ocean Avalonia - Microcontinent including England Panthalasia Ocean - pre-Pacific Ocean Iapetus Ocean - pre-Atlantic Ocean

6. Map Symbols Trench (Subduction Zone) Spreading Center (Divergent Zone) Orogony (Collision Zone)

7. Precambrian - Rodinia Montana New York

8. Cambrian Siberia Baltica Laurentia Gondwana

9. Ordovician

10. Silurian

11. Taconic Orogoney

13. Devonian

14. Mississippian

15. Pennsylvanian

16. Permain

17. Important Paleozoic Orogenies OrogenyAgeWhat collided Taconic Sil.Taconic Arc with Larentia Caledonian DevLarentia with Baltica (forming Laurasia) Acadian Dev.Avalonian Terrane with Laurasia Ural Penn.Siberia with Baltica Hercynian Penn.European part of Laurasia with Gondwana Alleganian Penn/ Perm N. part of Laurasia with Gondwana (forming Pangea) Ouachita PermSouthern part of Laurasia with Gondwana

18. A Closer Look at North America

19. Map Symbols

20. North America: Cambrian

21. Ord/Sil NA

22. Paleozoic “Clastic Wedges” of sediment form behind collision zone

23. Upper Ordovician Clastic Wedge Isostasy Why does a deep basin form?

24. Dev/Miss NA

25. Penn/Permian NA

26. Appalachian Mountains

27. “The Sea Come In, the Sea Goes Out” TransgressionRegression 1 2 3 4

28. Sedimentary Sequences of NA Blue = No deposition

29. Highs and Lows Late Ordovician (Tippecanoe Sequence) Early Devonian

30. Causes of Sea Level Change A.Local Sea Level Change 1.Local Tectonic Movement B.Global (Eustatic) Sea Level Change 1.Ice Ages (water is trapped in ice) 2.Rate of plate divergence at mid-ocean ridges

31. Cyclothems

32. Evidence for Climate Change Rocks - Tillites, evaporites, coal, carbonates, etc. Fossils - Different species live in different climates Warning - What else could rocks & fossils record? Movement of plates

33. Evidence for Permian Climate Evaporites Coal

34. Paleozoic Ice Ages 1 2 3 4 5

35. Causes of Ice Ages

36. Mass Extinctions: Death and Destruction

37. The Five Big Extinctions When (End of…) Species Loss** Major Loses to Ordovician85 ±3% Brachiopods & bryozoans Devonian83 ± 4% Rugose & tabulate corals, armored* & jawless fish Permian95 ± 2% All life! - Trilobites*, corals*, blastoids* Triassic80 ± 4% Most synapsids Cretaceous76 ± 5% Dinosaurs, marine reptiles, ammonites *Went extinct, **From Jablonski (1991,1995)

38. Causes of Mass Extinctions Major environmental change - to fast for species to adapt Such as: Meteorite impacts Massive global eruptions Rapid climate change Major sea level fluctuations

39. Paleozoic Causes: Leading Hypotheses Ordovician - related to ice ages? -lowering sea level -cooling climate Devonian -related to the buildup of land plants -ultimately creating anoxic conditions in the ocean Permian - Formation of Pangea -loss of shallow marine environment -climate change -Massive volcanic eruptions -Comet impact

40. Survivors set the stage for the next “Age” Adaptive Radiation