1. Lesson 14 Argentia Bay By Herman Wouk

3. Background about the author Herman Wouk (1915- ) is an American novelist. He is better known for his epic war novels. After graduation from Columbia University, he became a radio scriptwriter. Though he achieved considerable social and financial success in the radio show business world, he found both the work and environment unsatisfying. He enlisted in the navy after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and spent three years as an officer on a destroyer-minesweeper in the pacific.

5. Background about the author Much of Aurora Dawn (1947 极光 ), the first novel of the New York advertising world, was written while Wouk was in service. With the publication of his first novel in 1947, Herman Wouk began a career in letters which has brought him renown, the Pulitzer Prize and a long international audience for his books and plays. His latest book is War and Remembrance (1978) which is the sequel to The Winds of War (1971), a work of equal size and scope, picturing the global conflict from Pearl Harbor to the fall of Nazi Germany and the Japanese surrender.

6. Background about the author He has published nine additional works of fiction, nonfiction and drama, including The City Bay (1948), The Caine Mutiny (1951, Pulitzer Prize), Marjorie Morningstar (1955), This is My God (1959), Youngblood Hawke (1962), and Don’t Stop the Carnival (1965).

8. Pulitzer Prize: Joseph Pulitzer was an American newspaper publisher and the founder of the Pulitzer Prize. Today there are Pulitzer Prizes for distinguished works in American fiction, drama, history, biography and autobiography, nonfiction, poetry and music. Joseph Pulitzer founded the Pulitzer Prize in 1903 because he believed in encouraging excellence in the arts and journalism. He gave Columbia University $2, 000,000. Part of it was for the Prizes and part for the creation of the Columbia School of Journalism. Joseph Pulitzer died on Oct. 29, 1911.

9. About the book: The Winds of War is fiction, and all the characters and adventures involving the Henry family are imaginary. But the history of the war in this romance is offered as accurate; the statistics, as reliable; the words and acts of the great personages, as either historical or derived from accounts of their words and deeds in similar situations. (from Herman Wouk’s Foreword to The Winds of War).

10. A note on the story: The story describes the Roosevelt-Churchill conference in August 1941. Understandably, it was held in the utmost secrecy, and it was not given to anybody but the top few what was going on inside the conference room—nor to Victor Pug Henry, a navy captain and presidential aide, but not ranking high enough to be a participant.

11. A note on the story: However, Victor Henry is in a way the narrator of this story, which develops only as he, a mid-ranking officer, sees it develop. If the story had been told through the eyes of Roosevelt or Churchill or Harry Hopkins for that matter, it could have achieved a lot more grasp and made a more factual narrative; but it would not have been imaginative literature, but a workaday journalism.

12. The Winds of War, this story has been shown on the television. It follows an American naval family that is caught up in the events preceding the attack on Pearl Harbor which got the U.S. involved in the Second World War. It is a great miniseries because it blends fact and fiction so well.

13. Questions: What was the book about? Where and when did the story take place? Who were the main characters? What was the author showing through the story? Who told the story? What do you think of the book?

14. Detailed study 1. Argentia Bay What do you get to know from the section? Background / introduction. The story took place at Argentia Bay in Newfoundland, Canada. The time was at nine o’clock. The story involved Winston Churchill and American President Roosevelt.

15. 2. Gray peace…Argentia Bay Gray peace, Haze and mist, and in primeval hush: The three expressions in this para. gives us an idea a quite, significant place. –pervade: to spread through, saturate or permeate every part of it; spread all over the place; fill in air A heavy, musty odor pervades the railroad waiting room. It is pleasant to live in the environment where this positive spirit pervades. The odor of jasmine pervades the room. An unpleasant smell pervades the house. He worked so hard that weariness pervaded his whole body. A strong sense of patriotism pervades his writings.

16. -wildness: desolate expanse, waste, uninhabited land -ring: Here it means to make a ring round or surround Ring the spelling mistakes with red ink. Police ringed the building. An old house ringed with trees Argentia Bay was surrounded by a vast expanse of wild uninhabited land where there was no human activity. The whole place looked gray and it was very quiet there.

17. 3. to await the arrival of Winston Churchill “Wait,” the commoner word, can be followed by an infinitive but not a gerund while “await” can be followed by a gerund but not an infinitive. I shall await hearing from you. I shall wait to hear from you. 4. Haze… a tint of green. -haze: light thin mist or smoke Haze… mist… fog: Fog is the thickest in degree

18. -blend: go well together; cause to mix together How well their voices blend! Those two colors blend well. A blends with B. These houses seem to bend well with the trees and the countryside. Their voices blend well with each other. How well the new curtains blend with the rug!

19. Thin smoke and mist mixed making everything look gray. -tint of green: shade or slight degree of green color (esp. pale or delicate). Sailors and officers… loudspeaker squawks. -go about their chores: be in the habit of doing their routine work. go about: move from place to place; to do; to perform He often goes about in public. Working for an international company he goes about quite a lot. Be careful not to catch the flu! There is a lot of it going about this winter.

20. -piping: the sound of a boatswain’s whistle a chief seaman’s -squawk: (esp. of some birds) to make a loud rough sounding cry; loud harsh sound Sailors and officers were carrying on their routine duties with whistling and loudspeaker noises in the background. (It gives a vivid description of the orderly peaceful life of the American sailors, which stands sharply in contrast to the life on the war-battered British warships).

21. 6. But a primeval hush… normal ships noises: -primeval: ancient; primitive -a primeval hush: like the silence in very ancient times when the world was first created -lie heavy: Money lying idle in the bank The snow lay thick on the ground. The escaped prisoners had to lie low for months. The book lay open on the table.

22. With the routine chores going on, some noise could be heard on the ships in the Bay, but beyond that (but outside the range of the noise) it was all tranquility. Note the author’s description of Argentia Bay: Peace pervaded/ tinged by wilderness/ a primeval hush outside the range of the ships’ noises. The author took great pains to describe the peace and hush of the Bay to prepare the readers for the coming of a big event, just like the momentary silence before a thunderstorm.

23. 7. At nine o’clock…like snakeskin: -battleship: the largest kind of warship, with the biggest guns and heaviest armour -camouflage: disguised, concealed The military vehicles were camouflaged. The hunters were camouflaged with branches. -swirls: twists and curls At nine o’clock, three destroyers came rapidly in sight, immediately followed by a camouflaged battleship painted in snakeskin-colored twists and curls.

24. 8. This was HMS Prince of Wales, bigger… Bismarck. -HMS: His (Her) Majesty’s Service, Ship, or Steamer Prince of Wales: The ship was sunk by the Japanese in the South China Sea in December 1941. Bismarck: German battleship of 45,000 tons, completed early in 1940, for operations against British convoys in the North Atlantic. In an encounter with British fleet on 24 May, 1940, it sank the British cruiser Hood and damaged the Prince of Wales; the Bismarck was also hit by the guns of the Prince of Wales. The Bismarck was finally sunk on 27 May, 1940. By mentioning “hit the Bismarck” the author indicates the battleship was not only majestic- looking, but also battle-proven.

25. 9. As it steamed past… “God Save the King.”: - the Augusta: the American cruiser -a brass band: a body of musicians, performs on wind and striking instruments -symphony orchestra: a body of musicians chiefly on string instruments - The Star-Spangled Banner: This is the official national anthem of the United States, by a Bill which passed the Senate on 3 March, 1931. -quarter-deck: part of the highest level of a ship, used only by officers

26. -strike up: to begin to play; to start to make a friendship with We struck up an acquaintance with each other on the ship. Note: Salutes at sea originally took two forms, the firing of guns and the striking of topsails, the latter when within the territorial waters of the warship being saluted. Navies have a variety of salutes for officers of rank and ships of foreign nations, varying between gun salutes, guards and bands, guards without bands, bugle calls, and piping the side, according to rank and circumstances. Here the playing of the national anthem was not a welcoming ceremony. It was a mutual salute since the two heads of states were on board the ships.

27. -God Save the King: the British national anthem. It is usual in Britain to play the tune whenever the monarch appears in public. 10. Pug Henry…Summer Wells: -Pug Henry: Victor Pug Henry, a navy captain and presidential aide He is in a way the narrator of this story, and the hero of the book The Winds of War. -awning: movable covering, esp. one made of canvas used to protect shop windows, shipdecks, etc. from sun or rain

28. -rig(ged): to supply (esp. a person or ship) with necessary things (ropes, sails, etc.). Here, to set up hastily or as a makeshift -turret: a low heavy-armoured steel dome, that spins round to allow its guns to aim in any direction -august: causing feelings of great respect; noble and grand; venerable for reasons of age or high rank -admiral: a man who commands a large number of warships and who holds a very high rank or the highest rank in the navy -general: an officer of very high rank in the army or American air force

29. 11. Churchill was plain to see…gesturing with a big cigar. Churchill could be seen clearly since he was only five hundred yards away…. -odd blue costume: Actually Churchill was wearing a Navy uniform but here the author used “odd/ strange or rather, to mean fanny” and “costume” to achieve a kind of comical effect. -gesturing with a big cigar: movement of the hand holding a cigar to convey friendly feeling

30. 12. The president towered over everybody,… resembled him. -stiff on braced legs: Roosevelt was stiff on braced legs. That is, he had to wear steel braces on his legs, because an attack of polio in 1921 had paralysed him from the waist. -brace: to make stronger (something used fro supporting, stiffening or fastening) His weak back was heavily braced. A brace is a metal device that is sometimes fastened to a child’s teeth in order to help them grow straight. A brace is a device attached to a part of a person’s body, for example to a weak leg, in order to strengthen or support it.

31. 13. Roosevelt’s large pink face was self-consciously grave: Roosevelt put on a grave expression because the band was playing the national anthem and he knew he was wearing a grave expression. 14. “Well! I’ve never heard… and Roosevelt laughed too. “My country ‘Tis of thee’” is the first line of “America” which is sung to the music of the British national anthem, “God Save the King (Queen). (The tune of “America” is the same with the tune of “God Save the King.” When the band played the British anthem, Roosevelt humorously took it for “America.” This is where the joke lies. Actually, some American patriots claim the tune was American in origin, and was appropriated by the British.

32. 15. The squeal of boatswain’s pipes…deck. -squeal: to make a long very high sound or cry The children squealed with delight. -compare: squeal: long and sharp sound squawk: loud and rough sound scream: thin and sharp sound shriek: sudden loud sound screech: unpleasant high-pitched sound -boatswains’ pipes: boatswains’ whistle; silver whistle used in giving orders to the crew of a ship

33. -dress parade: requiring or permitting formal dress, a dress affair, a dress dinner -broke up the dress parade: ended the formal inspection

34. 2. Harry Hopkins Why was Pug sent over to the Prince of Wales? 16. Harry Hopkins: (1890-1946) American social worker and public administrator, intimate associate and adviser of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and U.S. Secretary of Commerce (1938-40). As the personal representative of President Roosevelt, he went on missions to London and Moscow, conferring with Churchill and Stalin. He also attended the major war conferences at Washington, Casablanca, Quebec, Cairo, Tehran, and Yalta ( in Russia).

35. 17. Admiral King beckoned to Pug. -Admiral King: Ernest Joseph King (1878- 1956), American naval officer. He was appointed commander in chief of the U.S. Atlantic fleet (1949) and of the entire U.S. fleet (Dec. 1941). He served (March, 1942- Dec., 1945) as chief of naval operations during World War II. He was appointed (Dec. 1944) admiral of the fleet (five-star rank).

36. 18. Take my barge… put yourself at Mr. Harry Hopkins’s service. - A barge is a boat with a flat bottom. Barges are used for carrying heavy loads, esp. on canals. - a motorboat carried by naval ships for the use of officers - put sb. at sb’s service: to get ready to obey orders or be used by sb. ; to get ready to serve or cooperate with one; to put sb./sth. at sb’s disposal Do whatever Mr. Harry Hopkins might ask you to do.

37. -at one’s service: I’ll be entirely at your service in three minutes. “Now I am at your service,” the dentist told the next patient. My car is at your service. He put a car and driver at the visitor’s service. 19. expedite: fml. to make (a plan or arrangement) go faster; to do or perform sth. quickly and efficiently

38. Notice Admiral King’s words: “beckoned,” “Put you at Mr Harry Hopkins service. The president desires to…so expedite.” His words are serious, formal and show his position. Here we have the first of the personalities whom the author took great pains to describe. These indicate the gesture, the language, of a superior officer, very mindful of his rank and very aloof/reserved/not friendly. 20. Aye aye, sir. Aye is a nautical term, meaning yes.

39. 21. Why did Henry think he went from peace to war when he passed from the Augusta to the Prince of Wales? The author has employed a few metaphors here to bring out the complete change of atmosphere. The Augusta is an American cruiser and at that time the United States nominally was not at war with Hitler while the Prince of Wales was a British battleship and Britain had been fighting against Hitler’s Germany for over a year. Hence the statement “from America to England and from peace to war.”

40. 22. It was a shocking jump: pun This refers to the crossing from the Augusta to the Prince of Wales, from Peace to War. 23. King’s spick-and-span flagship belonged to a different world than the storm-whipped British vessel. - spick-and-span: (only in the phrase) bright, clean, and tidy; neat and clean; very neat or smart and new He moved in a spick-and-span flat. The house should always be kept spick-and- span.

41. Why did King’s spick-and-span flagship belong to a different world? - flagship: the ship that carries the commander of a fleet and displays his flag. Paraphrase: Compared with the British vessel which had gone through many a battle and weathered the storm, the Augusta which was new and clean and which carried King seemed to be from another world. Henry wanted to show that the contrast between the two ships was such that they seemed to be from entirely different worlds.

42. 24. the accommodation ladder was salt- crusted: a ladder or stairway hung over a ships’ side, usu. at the gangway (opening in a ship’s side movable bridge from this to the land 跳板 通道 ) salt-crusted /covered There was a hard layer of salt on the surface of the accommodation ladder, showing that is had been through a long sea-voyage.

43. 25. Even the main battery guns looked pitted and rusty: -battery guns: a number of big guns fixed in a warship or fort. -pit: mark with small scars The deeply pitted surface of the metal. Why is the word “even” used here? The main battery guns are the main weapons on a battleship so it was most surprising that there was rust on these guns. This probably shows that they have no time to clean the battery. They were busy.

44. 26. Pug was aghast to see cigarette butts… scuppers. -aghast: adj. suddenly filled with great surprise, fear, and shock She was aghast when she was told of her husband’s huge gambling debts. -scupper: n. opening in a ship’s side to allow water to run off the deck.

45. 27. droves of bluejackets were doing an animated scrub-down: -drove: 1) a moving crowd of people cf. throng Droves of people are very large numbers of them. They came in droves to see Australian’s natural wonder. Droves of sightseers The tourists came in droves. 2) a group of esp. farm animals driven in a body: a drove of cattle -bluejacket: an enlisted man in the U.S. or British army; metonymy A group of British navy men were cleaning the deck in a spirited way. animated scrub-down: transferred epthet

46. 28. On the superstructure… Bismark’s salvos - superstructure: that part of a ship, esp. of a warship, above the main deck -raw: imperfectly prepared; lacking normal or usual finish -welded: jointed -sticking plaster: adhesive material for covering a slight wound, usu. a thin cloth gummed on one side Cf. Band-aid; bandage -salvos: simultaneous discharge of artillery or other firearms, esp. as salute, or in sea-fight.

47. At places on the part above the main deck there were new welds. These were damages caused by the gunfire of the German battleship Bismarck. The welds looked like sticking plaster put to new wounds. The author is comparing the steel patches to sticking plasters and the damages on the ship to wounds of the human body. Metaphor.

48. 29. “Ah, yes Captain Henry”: Ah, so you are Captain Henry. 30. quartermaster: a nautical /sailing term, meaning a petty officer or mate who attends to the ship’s compass, navigation, signals etc. 31. fittings: the fixtures, furnishings or decorations of a house, office, automobile, etc.; pl. sth. necessary that is fixed into a building but able to be moved 32: “Hello there, Pug.” there, an interjection, calling the attention of someone

49. 33. …in a blaze of worldwide newspaper attention Hopkins flew to London in late July and arranged with Churchill the date and rendezvous of the conference between Roosevelt and Churchill. Then he took a British flying boat to Moscow to hold talks with Stalin. His visits to London and Moscow were widely covered by newspapers all over the world. -in a / the blaze of: metaphor; in the blaze of publicity/fury /anger/effort

50. 34. Am I riding over with you? Am I to take the barge and go over to the Augusta with you? 35. on his bunk in a small cabin off the wardroom -bunk: a narrow bed that is usu. fixed to the wall (as on a ship or train) -wardroom: room on a warship for an officer to live in -off the wardroom: next to the wardroom; not attached to the wardroom off the main street, not on the main street

51. 35. in one he carefully placed…; in the other he threw… as they came to hand: Note the contrast between “he carefully placed papers..” and “he threw clothes…as they came to hand”: He was very careful, very meticulous about official papers but very careless about his own things. This throws light on the character of Hopkins. -come to hand: to be found without one’s having to make a special search.

52. 36. A bent figure with a gray double-breasted suit flapping loosely on him: -double-breasted suit: a suit with a double row of buttons -flapping: moving slowly up and down or backwards and forwards This shows that Hopkins was very thin and the suit was loose on him. 37. He’s having the time of his life. He’s having a rare experience of pleasure in his life; he’s having the best time of his life. The time of one’s life: (colloq.) an experience of great pleasure for one

53. 38. Churchill’s like a boy going on his 1st date: Churchill was very anxious to meet Roosevelt. The anxiety was similar to that one had when one was going to meet a girl friend for the 1st time. Churchill’s mood (state of mind) was that of a boy going on his first date with a girl.

54. 39. Well, it’s quite a historic moment at that. -at that (give the reason) (colloq.) all things considered This is adverbial phrase having different meanings: Our footballers were off form, but we won the game at that (anyway). I like the style but I don’t care much for the color. Well, let it go at that (as it is). This color TV is poor in quality, and very expensive at that (in addition).

55. 40. scrounge more in London: had to get more shirts from friends in London to get (sth.) without work or payment or by persuading others he is always scrounging off his friends. Can I scrounge a cigarette off you? 41. Will they hold? Will they be able to fight on? Will they be able to fight against German?

56. 42. a stack of papers in his hand, and pursed his mouth -a stack of papers/ dishes/ coins: a pile of -purse: to bring (esp. the lips) together in little folds She pursed (up) her lips with disgust. Then Hopkins gives his opinion.

57. 43. The Russians will hold. But it’ll be a near thing. -a near thing: a narrow escape; sth. achieved only by a narrow margin The Russians will be able to fight on but there’s a very small margin between success and failure. They will barely mange to carry on the fight. Suppose you’ve a friend who has travelled here to visit you. When you meet him and ask about his journey, whether he got his train on time. Your friend say “It’s a near thing.” It means he almost missed the train.. If a man was almost run over by a car, he said “Terrible, it’s a near thing.” We can use “It’s a near thing” to describe a race, match, etc.

58. We have at least four phrases expressing the same meaning: a narrow escape, a narrow squeak, a close shave, a narrow margin. He had a narrow escape from being run over by a bus this morning. We won the game, but it was a narrow squeak. What a near thing that was! The enemies nearly got me. The machine missed me, but it was a close shave.

59. 44. Archangel: city in USSR Here “you” refers to any one. 45. swamp: (an area of ) land which always full of or covered with water, marsh 46. from horizon to horizon: -horizon: the limit of one’s view across the surface of the earth, where the sky seems to meet the earth or sea 47. Hitler’s bitten off a big bite this time: This time Hitler has attacked a country too big for him to conquer or to put it idiomatically, he has bitten off more than he can chew. He has taken more than he can manage. (a comparison). Russian is difficult for Germans to control in comparison with other countries such as Poland.

60. 48. He was struggling with the clasps on his suitcase and Pug gave him a hand. He was trying hard to lock his suitcase and Pug helped him. 49. the stern rose high on a swell, then dropped away from under him: -stern: the back end of a ship /c.f. brow -swell: slow rise and fall of the sea’s surface with large but unbroken waves A wave raised the tail of the barge high and when the wave subsided, the tail of the barge dropped down suddenly.

61. Was Hopkins a good sailor? How do you know? 50. coxswain: a petty officer or other person in charge of a ship’s boat and acting as a steersman 51. Oops-a-daisy: It’s a consolatory phrase used by an adult when he pick up a child who has fallen over. Here it means “Oh, my dear sir, stand up, please.” 52. Hopkins staggered inside, settling with a sigh on the cushions: Hopkins walked unsteadily inside and was greatly relieved when he sat down on the seat.

62. 53. flop: to move or fall heavily or awkwardly cf. flap 54. that nearly ended my mission right there: When he boarded the plane, he fell. If he were seriously hurt, he could not have gone on to Moscow and that would have been the end of his mission. 55. at the flawlessly appointed barge -appointed; furnished and arranged barge The perfectly arranged barge 56. Well, well, America! Peace-time! Make a comparison. Hopkins had been with Churchill in the war, he almost forgot peace.

63. 57. in War Plans: work in that area 58. you might bear in mind what our friends will be after: You’d better make a mental note of what the British will be trying to get. 59. Hopkins held out one wasted hand and ticked off points on skeletal fingers. Hopkins held out one of his weak and feeble hands and used his thin bony (stretched out) fingers to count the things the British want to have.

64. 60. press for: to urge or request earnestly or persistently They’ll persistently urge us to declare war on Germany. 61. it softens the ground for the second demand. It will make it difficult for the Americans to reject their second demand. -soften: to weaken, to become soft, less severe We have found a way to soften the water here. They bombarded the town for hours to soften the enemy’s position. Only you can soften his attitude. Adverse developments have softened the price of products. The market softened because of oversupply.

65. 62. the real reason Winston Churchill has crossed the ocean (the Atlantic ocean) The real reason Churchill has come to meet Roosevelt here. What’s the purpose for the meeting? Churchill wants America to give a warning to Japan that any move against the British in Asia means war with America. 63. Their empire is mighty rickety at this point. Their empire is very weak in that area (in Asia). The British do not have the naval strength or the necessary manpower to defend its colonies in Asia.

66. 64. to shore up: to add support to (sth.) where weakness is shown; make (sth.) stronger where support is needed. Go and find sth. To shore up the wall. They shored up the damaged fence this morning. They’ve taken some measures to shore up the flagging/weakening economies. The peasants hope the government polices will shore up farm prices. 65. What’s the 3rd thing Britain wants? They want big war supplies.

67. 66. If Hitler pokes down there…strangles: If Hitler strikes there -poke: prod (sl.) making trouble down there in the Middle East -strangle: suffocate, choke, stifle, smother, squeeze, constrict strangle: to kill by pressing on the throat with hands, a rope etc. to stop breathing He strangled his victim with a nylon stocking. The government policies are slowly strangling the economy.

68. 67. They’ll also try, subtly but hard… they come ahead of Russia. The last point, the most important is try for an understanding that in getting American aid they come ahead of Russia. The British will try for an understanding / to reach an agreement. They’ll also try hard, though not obviously, to reach an agreement that having American aid they become stronger than Russia.

69. 68. to bomb the hell out of Germany -to bomb Germany heavily, bomb a lot so that Hitler has finished 69. build up for the final assault: strengthen the military forces to build up has several meanings: He dissipated all the money his father had built up for life (accumulate gradually). He has built up a flourishing business (establish and develop). Promote physical culture and build up the people’s health (strengthen or to increase). She has built up a good reputation in her small factory( set up or establish). The singer has been built up into a great success. (praise)

70. 70. On the problem of aid to Russia, did Churchill and Roosevelt see eye to eye? In what way did their opinions differ? 71. The President isn’t thinking that way. The implication is the President got a different idea. 72. The fight over there is of inconceivable magnitude. The fight in Russia is unbelievably big. 73. The Russians have taken a shellacking so far. -shellacking: a severe defeat to shellack: to defeat decisively; to thrash soundly The Russians have suffered decisive defeat so far.

71. 74. That’s the war now. That’s my analysis of the war. 75. Then this conference is almost pointless. Then there isn’t much sense in holding this conference. 76. That’s achievement enough for now. The holding of the conference itself is a great achievement at present.

72. 77. Hopkins gave Victor Henry a sad smile: Why? Hopkins meant that this was all the United States could do at present, that the United States could only go thus far at present and he was sorry about that. 78. He pulled himself to his feet in the rocking boat. He managed to stand up in the rocking boat.

73. 79. this is the changing of the guard. The phrase, the changing of the guard comes from the changing of the guard outside Buckingham Palace. The Queen’s guard is changed every morning at 11:30 and the ceremony lasts for about half an hour. The new guard enters the palace courtyard at exactly 11:30. The band then starts to play the tune of the regiment’s slow march, and the new guard advances slowly towards the old guard.

74. The captain of the old guard hands the key of Buckingham Palace, and also St. Jame’s Palace, to the captain of the new guard. The new sentries are then marched off to relieve the old sentries. The old sentries get down from their horses, and the new ones take up their posts. While this is happening, the band plays regimental music, and perhaps also some tunes from the latest show. After the guard has been changed, the old guard leaves the courtyard and marches away.

75. Here Hopkins was hinting that a transfer of power from London to Washington was taking place. Britain was no longer the Number One power of the “free democracies.” The United States was taking over this position. Note the characterization of Hopkins, infml and familiar: “Hello there, Pug,” couldn’t be bothered about personal things, thin, bent, his suit flapping loosely on him, view on aid to Russia, etc.

76. 3. Churchill calls 80. which saw the dramatic handshake…gangway: - saw: witnessed, personification 81. Why is the dramatic handshake? It was dramatic because this was the first time the two leaders met each other. Roosevelt very tall, physically strong, but paralysed while Churchill was fat and short. The two great leaders diminished each other. The conference itself, under the circumstances, was dramatic enough. The critical time: the war will go the way or that way.

77. 82. They prolonged…smiling words: The two leaders made their handshake last longer than usual to give photographers time to take pictures. At the same time they smiled and greeted each other. - smiling words: transferred epithet 83. In an odd way… each other. When they met face to face, the two leaders made each other less imposing in stature or in importance.

78. -diminish: making or becoming perceptibly smaller by removal. The word stresses the idea of removing part of sth. so that there is a manifest and sometimes progressive lessening, but not to the point of total disappearance. The word may suggest each other the loss of sth. valuable or a lessening of that which is undesirable. His illness diminished his strength. As people approach old age their energy may diminish. As his confidence in his work increased, his anxieties about it diminished.

79. 84. Roosevelt stood a full head taller. Pay attention to this short sentence in which there are two grammatical points. 1) This is an excellent example of the so-called “double-predicate” structure. The function played by the verb “stood”; the sentence corresponds to “Roosevelt stood and was a full head taller than Churchill.” So “stood” here also has a function of a linking verb, hence called “double predicate.” The sun rose red from the east. She left the village a girl and returned a mother of three children.

80. -a full head: here is used as a noun adverbial which is gaining ground in modern English He is world famous. The miracle chip is easy to mass produce. The whole process of experiment is computer controlled. In the above 3 sentences “world, mass, computer” are regarded as noun adverbial.

81. 85. he was pathetically braced on lifeless leg frames: -pathetically: sadly, pitifully, causing a feeling of sorrow cf. sympathetic: showing sympathy She was sympathetic when my father died. If you describe sb. or sth. as pathetic, you mean that they are sad and weak or helpless, and that they make you feel pity and sadness. The kitten was so tiny and pathetic. He looked pathetically defenseless.

82. -brace: to equip or support with devices for supporting a weak or deformed part of the body -frame: basic or skeletal structure around which a thing is built and that gives the thing its shape He managed to stand only with the help of the leg frames. This was a pitiful sight. 86. his full trousers drooped and flapping -full: wide His wide trousers hung downward and were too big for his thin legs.

83. 87. a bent Pickwick in blue uniform: Pickwick is the central character in the novel the Pickwick papers by the world famous writer Charles Dickens. In this novel Pickwick is described as a bent, stout, short benevolent old gentleman. Pickwick is used here as antonomasia, the use of a proper name to designate a member of a class. It means like Pickwick in navy uniform. Antonomasia[ 代称 ]: the term for some common figurative uses of names. the use of a proper name to designate a member of a class (as a Solomon for a wise ruler, Judas for a traitor). He is our Gorky (for a famous writer).

84. 88. looked up at him with majestic good humor, much old, more dignified, more assured /confident. 89. a trace of deference -deference: fml. regard for the wishes, opinions, etc. of another person, because of respect or love, or because of the other person’s higher position or greater power [ 顺 从, 听从, 遵从, 敬意 ] giving way to the wishes, accepting the opinions or judgments of another or others; yielding in opinion, judgment, wishes; courteous regard or respect.

85. We treated her advice with due deference. They were married in church out of/ in deference to their parents’ wishes. -Yet there was… Prime Minister. You could sense a trace of deference about the Prime Minister. i.e. the Prime Minister was either ready to yield to the wishes and opinions of the President, or was somehow respectful of him. The latter sense is the more likely one. 90. by a shade of a shade: very slight difference or variation cf. There’s a shade of difference between the two; a new shade of meaning, etc. Churchill and Roosevelt were both Number One men, but somehow Roosevelt looked just a little more of a Number One man.

86. 91. The erect… to Pug: Frontpage refers to the pictures that appeared on the front-pages of newspapers; the usual image of the President people had. On the frontpage of magazine or newspapers President Roosevelt might be seen standing upright, but in real life he was a cripple. Pug was more familiar with the crippled President than the one on the front-pages standing upright. 92. hobbling a step or two…chair. - hobble: to walk or move awkwardly or with difficulty; to limp Roosevelt was glad that the strain and discomfort of standing came to an end and he could sit down. Hence “sinking with relief.”

87. 93. got right to business: got down right away to business 94. conferred: talked together 95. Victor Henry… their advisers: There were meetings going on at three different levels: 1) the Summit 2) Chiefs of staff 3) planners Victor Henry was with the third. -Burne-Wilke: representative of the British Chief of staff, Pug Henry’s counterpart

88. 96. Familiar problems…fouled communications -the British services: the British service department of public work -unreal plans: plans put forward not on a realistic basis -unfilled contracts: contacts that failed to be carried out -jumbled priorities: many different items all listed as top priority -jumble: mixed in a confused, disorderly heap -fouled communications: coded messages wrongly deciphered (decoded or translated); message mislaid or not clearly stated

89. 97. One cardinal point the planners hammered out first. -cardinal: chief, principal, of main importance -hammer out: to develop or work out by careful thought or repeated effort or serious discussion 98. to replace U-boat sinkings: Sinkings refer to the ships which had been sunk by the Axils. -U-boat: the German undersea boat, or submarine. During the Second World War the term was used to describe all submarines Italian, Japanese and German operating against the allied forces, while those of the allies were always called submarines.

90. Here it is also a grammatical point, i.e. the use of noun attribute, which is one of the trends of the development of the modern English language. Noun attribute may be used instead of all the other forms of attribute. adj. a luxurious hotel—a luxury hotel a prestigious university—a prestige university a participle: a launching pad—a launch pad apostrophe s’ readers’ interest—reader interest a post-position attribute: trade with China—China trade Sinkings by U-boat—U-boat sinkings an attributive clause: my brother who is a doctor –my doctor brother

91. 99. No war… the ocean War material had to be shipped to England if they were to be used in the fight against Hitler. This could be done only if they had enough ships and the Atlantic Ocean was made safe for the Allies. The sentence indicates the importance of building new ships to replace those being sunk in great numbers, because at that time the Allies still could not successfully defend their ships against U-boats. Later, new technology broke the blockade. -material: weapons, equipment, supplies of armed forces (distinguished from personnel) cf. material: of matter; of substance, e.g. raw materials, dress materials (distinguished from spiritual)

92. 100. This plain truth…every projection. As soon as the two parties agreed that priority should be given to the building of ships, all other requests and programs would have to be crossed out. -once: not an adverb be a conjunction here, meaning as soon as; if ever, wherever -projection: project put forward/ on the basis of physical science 101. valves: (sorts of ) mechanical device for controlling the flow of air, liquid, or gas into or through a tube, pipe etc. by opening or closing a passage

93. 102. This simple yardstick… and tools. This simple yardstick rapidly revealed what were lacking in the US war industry at the time and showed the urgent need for building new steel mills and plants. -arsenal of democracy: referring to the United States, first used by F D. Roosevelt in this Fireside Chat broadcast on 29 December, 1940. Steel, aluminum, rubber… all the thousand things of war were urgently needed, but the US was found to be poor and weak in steel-making capacity and plants to make steel into machines and tools of war. -dictate: lay down authoritatively (things to be down)

94. 103. Through all… thousand rifles. -hypothetical plans: suppositional plans, tentatively put forward hypothetical, hypothesis, hypocrisy, hypocrite, hypocritical -pathetic: causing a feeling of pity or sorrow Through all the talk of suppositional plans, one modest and almost pitiable request kept cropping up, that is an immediate need for a hundred fifty thousand rifles.

95. 104. If Russia collapsed… from the air. Crete-like invasion: Crete, Greek island in East Mediterranean Sea, captured by German airborne forces May 20-30, 1941, first successful use of airborne forces in a major campaigns in W. W. II. A large-scale airborne attack was successfully launched by the Germans on this eastern Mediterranean Island, May 1941, the 1st of its kind in history. -wrap up: to bring to a successful end; to complete or finish; to conclude successfully.

96. Pay attention the following meanings of this multi-word verb: It’s getting cold, and the mother wrapped her child up well. She wrapped up her meaning in obscure language. Now that the agreement is wrapped up, all we have to do is to wait for the 1st order. The technician is deeply wrapped up in reforming. Wrap up! Don’t say anything.

97. 105. The stupendous material… rifles now. - stupendous adj. tremendous, amazing (in size, degree) Compared with the huge figures for future joint British-U.S. invasion of North Africa or the French coast, the present request of a hundred fifty thousand rifles immediately was sadly small. -joint: concerted, coordinated, cooperated

98. 4. Roosevelt hobbles across 106. boats from … Prince of Wales. -boats… came grouping around the Prince of Wales. -cluster around: Roses clustering round the window The children clustered around their teacher. The village clusters round the church. 108. in sunlight that seemed almost blinding The sun shone so brightly that one could hardly see. The sunlight was most dazzling.

99. 109. in sunlight… the forests of larch and fir glowed a rich green -glow: to show brilliant, conspicuous colors -rich: deep, intense, vivid colors The forest showed a brilliant, deep green in the sunshine. 110. an American destroyer slowly nosed its… thrown across. -nose: to make or push (a way, etc.) with the front forward It’s interesting to see the ship nosing her way through the river.

100. Nose also is used to form multi-word verbs. You seem to be fond of nosing about for grapevine news. (nose about=search for. Am. E.) Don’t nose into our affairs. (nose into=pry into) He has nosed out the actual situation. (nose out=discover) In text “nose” is used symbolically, meaning to stretch out.

101. -bridge: a platform above the main deck of a ship, from which it is controlled, as by the commanding officer An American destroyer slowly moved parallel with the battleship so that its bridge was side by side with the main deck of the battleship. 111. lurched out on the gangplank… then the other. Staggered out onto the movable platform bridging the two ships and with difficulty moved one leg forward jerkingly, then the other.

102. -gangplank: a narrow, movable platform or ramp forming a bridge by which to board or leave a ship. -hitch: to move, pull or shift with jerks; pull suddenly Roosevelt’s legs could not function so he had to rely on the movement of the hip to hitch his leg forward. 112. both boats were moving on long swells. Both boats were tossed slightly up and down by waves that moved steadily without breaking. 113. tottered and swayed To move in an unsteady way from side to side as if about to fall

103. 114. crowding the destroyer bridge coming together to; clustering to 115. Pug observed… this crippled walk. -shoot: to take a picture with a camera 116. Churchill… offered his hand: Churchill held out his hand to help. 117. burst forth with: struck up; played 118. His face stiff with strain: It was with great effort that he stood at attention, hence a stiff face.

104. 119. chaplain: a. priest or clergyman, esp. in the navy, army or air force 120. crimson vestments: red garment esp. one worn by a priest in church; red ceremonial robe 121. preserve us from the dangers of the sea. Protect us so that we would not get drowned,/sunk 122. that we may be a security for… occasions: This is biblical English, meaning so that we may give protection to those who sail upon the sea on lawful business. 123. the blessings of the land: the special favors of the land (referring to favourable climate, fertile soil, rich products etc. )

105. 124. ranks: lines, rows 125. sneaked cameras from their blouses. -blouses: the coat or jacket of a service uniform or dress uniform of the sailors; with square collar We sneak into the classroom. -sneak sth. out of some place took out secretly cameras from their jackets (jumpers) 126. cameras appeared by the dozens: -by: expressing measure or extent Books coming in by the hundreds What was the atmosphere? Good feeling of it.

106. 127. swarmed into a laughing, cheering ring round the two men. More and more sailors came and they surrounded the two men, laughing, cheering. - “a laughing, cheering ring” is a transferred epithet 128. Pug Henry,… felt a touch on his elbow -unwonted disorder: unusual confusion -with mixed feelings of amusement and outrage: amusement because the two leaders themselves smiled and took it in good humour, and the sailors were cheering and laughing; outrage because such a rush and disorder, in his view, should not be permitted on a warship

107. -a touch on his elbow -a tap on the shoulder -a slap in the face -a blow on the head 129. A word with you? May I have a word with you? May I speak to you?

108. 5. A request from the British 130. a library den: (colloq.) a small secluded room for study or relaxation Father’s in his den now. (his quiet, private and undisturbed room) “Den” first and foremost refers to an animal’s cave, or hidden lying place. (a den of wolves). Then it is used to mean a secret resort for some bad people. A den of thieves In colloq. English, it is also used to mean a small easy, comfortable room for study. Here it refers to Burne Wilke’s cabin looking very much like a small secluded room for study in the library.

109. 131. “I say, Henry” Note, Burne-Wilke did not say “Pug” nor Victor. Why not Mr. Henry? By Henry, it indicates that they are not strangers. They’re not so intimate that Pug is called nor too fml called as Mr. Henry. Study the following forms of address for a man called Robert Wilson: Fml. Mr. Robert Wilson Less fml but still quite fml. Mr. Wilson Acceptable (between. Equals) Wilson His friends: Robert His wife: Robert dear. (When a child) Bob, Bertie, Bobby, etc.

110. I say: 1) to attract the attention of the person addressed I say, Jack, bring me a book of stamps if you are going to the post office, will you, please? 2) to express surprise I say! It’s nearly six o’clock. 3) to combine surprise and warning I say! There’s someone coming. 132. position: view/ attitude towards drinking on board?

111. 133. I have a fair bottle of sherry here: I have nearly a full bottle of sherry here. -sherry: yellow or brown wine of southern Spain, south Africa, Cyprus, England 134. I’m for it: I’m in favor of drinking on board -be for: Members of the committee split on the resolution: five for, four against, and five abstention.

112. 135. You’re dry as a bone in your service, aren’t you? Wines and spirits are forbidden in your Navy or You are not allowed to drink on board, are you? You can put on your socks now; they are as dry as a bone (perfectly dry). He is as dry as stick. (rather thirsty) His lecture is as dry as dust (rather boring)

113. 136. …served us an excellent wine: Wine is an uncountable noun, but here an indefinite article is used to indicate a particular kind of wine. 137. The President… his desires: The President is the man who lays down all Navy regulations (as Commander-in-chief of all U.S. armed forces) and he can adapt them as he wishes. That is, if the President wishes to serve wine on board ship, then it’s all right for him to do so, rules and regulations against it not withstanding. -tailor: to alter, adapt for a particular end

114. 137. jolly: old-fashioned British upper-class word meaning “very” 138. they both sipped wine -sip: to drink, taking a very small quantity at a time cf. gulp: swallow quickly 139.air commodore: a rank in the Royal Air Force equivalent to that of Brigadier in the American Army -commodore: a naval rank [ 海军准将 ] Air commodore: a rank in the Royal Air Force equivalent to that of Brigadier in the American Army.

115. 140. We ran into a whole gale. We entered an area where there was a strong wind. wind: breeze, gale, storm, whirlwind, tornado /waterspout, hurricane Typhoon, cyclone 141. our destroyers couldn’t maintain speed. The destroyers could not keep up their original speed because of the gale. 142. zigzagged on alone: make wide diversion from side to side so as to avoid German submarines.

116. 143. I was appalled to hear about it: Appall suggests terror or (now more commonly) dismay at a shocking but apparently unalterable situation. hear sth. hear about hear of hear from

117. 144. Rather sporting of the British Prime Minister… on the open sea: -sporting: offering the kind of fair risk that is usual in a game willing to take a risk of losing I take off my hat to your sporting conduct. It’s very sporting of you to laugh at the trick we played on you. It’s rather risky or daring of Churchill to give the German soldiers a good chance to attack him on the high seas.

118. It was most dangerous for Churchill to run such a risk yet Burne-Wilke tried to show that the Prime Minister took the whole ting in good cheer. Here Burne-Wilke employed a rhetorical device— periphrasis: (runabout way of speaking) the use of long words or phrases, or of unclear expressions, when short simple ones, are all that is needed. [ 正式 ] 迂说法, 迂回曲折的话 What do you think of NATO’s bombing? Periphrasis: I don’t think it’s right. To the point: It’s wrong to bomb the Embassy. -fair: without any hadicap

119. 145. Three thousand… submarine fleet. The ship went three thousand miles without air cover or surface escort and went straight through the entire submarine fleet (referring to U-boats). It was rather sporting of Churchill to have come three thousand miles. -air cover: force of aircraft protecting a land or sea operation 146. You had your good angels… I can say: The only reason I can offer is that some sort of supernatural force was helping you. You’re lucky not to be hit.

120. 147. But it might be prudent…what? -what? At the end, means Don’t you think so? What do you think of it? We would have to be careful not to make excessive use of those good angels, otherwise they would refuse to protect us. It might be better for us not to make those good angels feel too tired, otherwise they might get angry and desert us.

121. Please try to master the following 4 colloquial expressions with “what” as the key word: -what? Come tomorrow, what? -or what: Shall we go or what? I’ve not seen her recently—I don’t know whether she’s moved away, whether I’ve upset her, or what. -so what: He can have his suspicions if he wants—so what? We don’t care. -you what: A: A Mr. Wang is waiting for you. B: You what?

122. 148. on battle alert: on the lookout and ready to attack 149. We shall have to run the gamut. -gamut: (whole series of notes in modern music); whole range of musical notes ; complete extent or scope of anything Seeing this, he ran the gamut of emotion. He’s run the gamut of human experience. A writer wants to experience the whole gamut of feeling from greatest joy to deepest misery. We shall have to face all the U-boat risks that will be there on our way back. We shall have to be prepared to fight all the way back home.

123. 150. We’re stretched thin for escorts: We lack destroyers for escorts on our return journey. We have a very weak, insufficient escort force; We are in dire need of escorts as a result of wide deployment. There are too many claims on the limited naval force so we are badly in need of destroyers for escorts. E.g. The U.S. navy is stretched thin. Budgetary restrictions means we are stretched mighty thin.

124. 151. We have rounded up four destroyers. We have collected four destroyers. 152. Admiral Pound would be happier with six. What’s he saying here? What is the implied meaning? We could do with two more destroyers on the escort force on our return journey. (This surely is a very tactful form of putting forward a request. Note the use of would be happier, meaning if you would kindly oblige)

125. 153. You understand… downright annoyed: “Us” refers to the British side. Lord Burne-Wilke was asking for two more destroyers here, with or without the knowledge and the approval of Churchill but most likely without. It was a request from the British to the Americans through Pug, but Lord Burne-Wilke did not want to make it a formal and official one, just to leave some leeway [ 留有余地 ] in case it be rejected, for dignity and face-saving of the Empire, and its representative Winston Churchill. Also, since the U.S. was not yet at war, there were too many things involved if U.S. ships actually took part in a military action. -downright: thoroughly, positively

126. 154. He is hoping we’ll meet the Tirpite and get into a running gun fight. -Tirpite: a 42,500-ton German battleship, sister ship of the Bismarck. From Jan. 1942 to Nov. 1944 she served in Norwegian waters, where she constituted a permanent threat to the British convoys to North Russia. It was finally sunk on 12 Nov. 1944. -get into a running gun fight -running: continuous A running battle A running commentary

127. 155. let me start on this now, sir. Let me go and talk to Admiral King now. -start to do; start sth. start doing start on sth.=start dealing with it She put the forks in a neat pile and started on the knives. 156. Thanks awfully: British upper class English 157. afterdeck in the back part; on the after deck i n the back part of the deck

128. 158. glum chiefs of staff -glum adj. sad; in low spirits, esp. because of disappointment You look very glum. –I’ve just lost my money. 159. Hopkins, squinting out at the sunny water, wore a pained expression -squint: look with half closed eyes -pained: distressed; showing hurt feelings or resentment cf. painful The pained expression is a distressed expression. The painful expression is an expression caused by pain or suffering. -Hopkins considered the shouldering aside of the sailors a breach/ break of etiquette. Hence a pained expression.

129. 160. Admiral King, who stood woodenly apart. And look at King’s reactions. Why didn’t he speak to Pug? To show his character that he’s not very friendly to people. He perhaps wanted to show his higher position. Pug Henry, knowing the man well enough, reported to him in the fewest words possible. The Admiral nodded twice and then strolled away without a word. He strolled away just to show Pug had been summarily dismissed. These details indicate the gesture, the language, the presence of mind of a senior officer, very mindful of his rank and very aloof, and treating a matter of great delicacy with the utmost calmness. The lines along King’s lean jaws deepened. This shows King realized how critical the situation was. -a convincing one: gesture that Pug was dismissed.

130. 161. “much wining and dining” means good entertainment to entertain lavishly with food, drink, etc. 162. take the floor: to speak either in a debate or on some occasion, make the speech or deliver a lecture 163. a rolling rich word picture of “word” modifies “picture,” meaning a picture described in words, a vivid description of … uttered in vibratory organlike tones. This is a good description of Churchill’s public- speaking style.

131. 164. subversion… on Europe destroy, overthrow The author here compares Nazi Germany to a ferocious animal, gripping Europe in its claws. A metaphor 165. close a ring: surround, form an encirclement 166. inexorably: relentlessly; unyieldingly; without pity 167. full-fledged -fledged, adj. (of birds) with fully grown wing feathers, able to fly in the full sense of the word “ally,” fully mobilized and armed, with the whole nation put on a war footing /condition,/position/ the state of the army, Committed and contributing to the war effort as an ally should

132. 168. No big… in the west: -invasion may be used in good and bad sense. In bad sense it means aggression. In good sense it means advance, attack. In text it means attack in a large scale. Invasion here means entering a country with armed forces in order to attack. No introduction of big armed forces or no long war on land would be needed. Churchill put it this way to console his American counter-part. He knew that in the United States people feared that if the U.S. joined the war large numbers of soldiers would have to be sent to fight in Europe. Hence his promise that there would be no big land campaign.

133. 169. Landing of … mass uprisings -armoured column 装甲纵队 The landing of a few tank or motorized units in the European countries occupied by Nazi Germany would result in large scale uprisings of the people in these countries. 170. Hitler’s black empire would … flame. Hitler is completely destroyed. Hitler’s evil empire would be completely destroyed. Rubble, blood and flame are used metaphorically.

134. 170. Franklin Roosevelt… smiling attention -bright-eyed, so excited, so inspired that his eyes were shining -bright-eyed smiling attention : transferred epithet 171. heartily and happily -heartily is enthusiastically or warmly happily; while happily is in manner of feeling pleasure and contentment Applauding heartily Impressed very much

135. 172. saying nothing: why saying nothing? America didn’t want to take part in the war. 173. “Task Unit… has been formed”: The U.S. side has agreed to send two destroyers to escort the Prince of Wales to Iceland, designated in code as Task Unit 26.3.1. Task Unit 26 point 3 point 1, the name for a group of ships. Iceland island between North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, became an independent republic in June, 1944; placed under British and American military occupation in W. W. II. British forces landed on May 10, 1940, American marines on July 7, 1941.

136. 173. You’ll have no written orders: Why? This is because a written order authorizing two American destroyers as escorts for a British battleship would, if discovered by the Germans, be regarded as an act of belligerency. American public opinion, prevailingly isolationist, must also be considered. In fact, of course the United States had already decided to convoy all ships to Iceland, and Iceland itself would soon be occupied by U.S. marines.

137. 174. In confidence: privately; secretly 175. ensign: a naval rank in the US and some other navies equivalent to that of midshipman or sub-lieutenant 海军少尉 176. How are you at languages? How did you do in language study? Are you good at language? How is your command of foreign language?

138. “at” as a preposition may be used to denote a variety of things. Structure “to be at sth.” is used here in the sense “to be engaged in sth.” In the classroom there are 3 students at work on chemistry. He is an expert at chess. This kind of use has given rise to colloquial expressions. It is used in the sense of “doing.” You must go and see what those long-haired fellows are at? She is at it again.

139. 177. It’s a long time since I tried a new one. 我曾学习过一种语言，不过， 那已经是很就以前 的事情了. 我们不在西安一起工作已经 3 年了. It’s 3 years since we worked together in Xi’an. 178. a military supply mission (delegation) -mission: a group of people sent abroad for a special reason esp. to act for their country. The British trade mission has just reached Moscow. 179. if Russian’s still in the war by then, that is. This is said as an additional point, an after thought.

140. 180. has brought up your name. mentioned your name I hope you won’t mind my bringing up the subject of money again. At the meeting we brought up many problems and discussed them one by one. The child is very well brought up. They had been brought up to go to church. She keeps bringing up everything she ate. Do you bring up anything when you cough? (spit)

141. 181. by your expertise on landing craft and so forth. -expertise: expert knowledge and skill jobs which require a great deal of managerial expertise cf. expert: a person who is very skilled at doing sth. And knows a lot about it. She is an expert in beautiful costumes. Alice is an expert at fancy skating. He is an expert in economics. /mathematics on foreign affairs. in /at/ on teaching small children When we express expert in some respect, we always use “in” or “at”, when we refer to a conclusion or an opinion of evaluation, we use “on”

142. His business expertise will be of great help to us. She displayed considerable expertise in bringing the horse under control. His expertise saved the business from failing. 182. you claim a “poor- to fair” knowledge of Russian. “poor to fair” knowledge of Russian, ranging from poor to fairly good; neither too bad nor too good, average; passable 中下 Excellent 5 优 Good 4 良 Fair 3 中 Poor (failure) 2 差 These are the five grades of registering a student’s marks.

143. 183. chum: close friends (among boys), roommates. Pug had as his boyhood buddies a few boys from Russian immigrant families, and learned some Russian from them. 184. Sonoma: county in California 185. be detached from: be transferred from be dismissed; to fire, to sack, to take away from job That engineer is hoping to be detached to another city. Mr. Smith, you are dismissed (fired)! In the text, you are (transferred,) taken away from war plans (for some purposes). cf. detached duty separate duty

144. 184. smattering: slight or superficial knowledge; limited knowledge: a smattering of German 185. intelligence value: Here it means Pug’s value in the gathering of secret information for military purposes 186. favoured him with a smile A smile from Admiral King was considered not only a kind, friendly act, but a generous one. This sentence reveals that King is not an easy going person. 187. extension of the draft 延长征兵法案 188. by one vote: with a majority of only one vote

145. 189.Whew: whew or similar sounds roughly breathed out are dismay, fatigue or surprise. Whew! That was a close shave! 190. No, nor the President…right now: Americans didn’t want to go to war because life was much too pleasant. The one-vote majority would please neither Churchill nor Roosevelt. 191. it maybe,… it is. But that is the fact: The fact was passed in the House of Representatives only by one vote, that is, among Representative the numbers of pros and cons were almost equal with the pros winning by only one vote. But “The Winds of War” were gathering over the USA, so it looked as if America’s delay in getting mobilized might be suicidal/ pity was, this was how things (popular sentiments) stood there.

146. 6. U-boat sightings 196. U-boat sightings. Locations of the U-boats -sighting: n. a case of someone or sth. being sighted There have been several sightings of these rare birds/ of the escaped murderer in this area. 197. To brass… Argentia Bay: - “To” here is used to mean “to accompaniment of”. e.g. They danced to the music of the band. In our text, the sentence is inverted in order. It should go like this: The Prince of Wales left Argentia Bay to the accompaniment of brass band anthems and booming gun salutes.

147. -in a brisk breeze smelling of green hills and gunpowder -brisk (breeze): 1) pleasantly cool and strong 2) quick and active: a brisk manner, a brisk walk, brisk business In a cool, bracing breeze with the smell of green hills and gunpowder. H. M.S. Prince of Wales left Argentia Bay to the accompaniment of brass band anthems, booming gun salutes and in a cool, bracing breeze with the smell of green hills and gunpowder. The conference at which serious war matters were discussed, was ended with grand ceremonies and in a peaceful environment.

148. 198. The great conference was over: The Roosevelt- Churchill conference ended on August 12. At the conclusion of their conference they issued the 8-point Atlantic Charter committing both countries to certain general principles in any peace settlement that might come. 199. In the wardroom…bad sign. Mood of British officers on board the Prince of Wales: There was a dismal atmosphere. They had bad vague hopes, but no real confidence. The reason nobody had disclose to them what aid and how much, had been promised by the United States, and this was taken by them as a bad omen. If generous help had been promised, the news would have been made known.

149. -sense the subtle gloom hanging over the ship: be vaguely aware of a feeling of helplessness which was difficult to perceive but which permeated the place - in itself…as a bad sign: the fact itself made them believe that it was a bad omen (gave them an impression) -strike …(as)… His proposal strikes me as ridiculous. The thing that struck me most when I first came to China was the numberless bikes in the street. The sentence means the undisclosure of the result of the conference itself was a bad sign which caused a deep worry to the battleship’s officers.

150. 200. Veterans of two combat years Britain had already been at war with the Germans for two years. 201. …had a subdued dismal air despite the… wardroom -dismal : gloomy A dismal song Dismal weather A dismal failure -grandeur: great beauty or power, often combined with great size You can’t help being impressed by the grandeur of the scenery in the Alps.

151. Although the battleship was big and magnificent and the officers dining room was richly and heavily furnished, there was a kind of repressed miserable feeling (among the officers). 201. the predicament… in their bones: -the predicament: refers to the difficult situation -soaked (in their bones): to pass or penetrate as a liquid does; permeate They were over conscious of their country’s plight.

152. 202. they could not believe… only to return empty- handed: - strained navy: the navy which is already hard pressed; the navy which had suffered great losses. They could not believe that Churchill had risked the best ship in their already inadequate, weak navy and his own life for nothing. -only to do sth.: an adverbial phrase of result meaning in the end. He went to the lake for a swim only to be drowned. She got up early this morning only to find her house had been burgled.

153. 203. That wasn’t Winnie’s style. That wasn’t Churchill’s way of doing things. Winnie: diminutive form of Churchill’s 1st name; pet name 204. the note (in their conversation): the quality (esp. of voice) indicating the nature of sth. There was a note of self-satisfaction in his speech. His voice held (carried) a menacing note.

154. 205. Major-General Tillet: British officer 海军少将 / 陆战队少将 206. Red secrecy warnings blazed on the steel door that Tillet opened. Take note of the difference between a secret warning (wouldn’t visible) and a secrecy warning (blazed). Please compare the difference between a noun attribute and an adjective in following pairs of expressions: Riot police 防暴警察 Riotous police 闹事的警察 Economy measure 节约措施 Economic measure 经济措施

155. -secrecy and secret Secrecy is that can be seen clearly, telling people that is a secret thing or place; secret is that can not be seen, kept from the view of others. 207. Dressed in one- across one bulkhead: -portrait of Churchill: a short, stooped stout figure, always puffing at his cigar, or gesturing with his cigar, often in an old costume. -coverall (usu. pl.) a one piece, loose-fitting outer garment with sleeves and legs, worn often over regular clothing as to protect against dirt. Churchill designed and wore his “boiler-suit,” an extremely outlandish (strange)-looking garment, during the war and made it famous. -coverall: boiler-suit: overall

156. 208. dispatches: a message sent by wire 209. There. It is stressed here and is an adverb with full special meaning, not a meaningless symbol like the “there” in the “there be” structure. It refers to the development on the Russian front. 210. “There is an awful unfolding picture.” There in the Soviet Union things are going badly for the Russians. (The developments on the Russian front look quite gloomy.) Churchill’s view on the Russian front was reflected in his June 21 speech. “There” is stressed as the above.

157. 211. two fresh bulge: indicate two new places where Germans have attacked and pushed the Russians back towards Moscow. -bulge: a swelling of a surface caused by pressure from, within or below; a sudden unusual increase in quantity, which does not last 212. basing myself on very exact intelligence supporting myself, my view by very exact intelligence/ information

158. 213. Surely no government… surprised -surprise: to attack or capture suddenly and without warning The Soviet Union was surprised by the Germans. She could not find the least excuse not to have been ready for the German surprise attack. The Soviet Union had little excuse to be surprised. Surely no government ever had less excuse to be surprised than the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union could not find the least excuse not to get well prepared against the likely coming of the German surprise attack.

159. Stalin had been forewarned by F.D Roosevelt and Churchill and also by his own spies like Sorge. The Russians should have been well-prepared against the German blitz, still, they suffered a lot under the blitz, so Churchill said that the Soviets had no excuse at all. Litotes (understatement) [ 缩小 ] -e.g. This is no small accomplishment. (It means this is an accomplishment of considerable magnitude.) The German fleet was not an unworthy opponent. (It means the German fleet was a formidable opponent). This is not at all unpleasant. (It means it is quite pleasant).

160. 214. ruddy, springy -ruddy: red; healthy looking -springy: elastic as if on springs, with plenty of bounce in the legs. -e.g. to walk with a youthful springy step 215. Now his cheeks were ashy with red patches. -ashy: gray, covered with ashes Churchill was running a fever. 216. Don’t we have a development here? So new U-boats have been detected here? There has been a new discovery of the concentration of U-boats around this area?

161. 217. Little black…blue pins: Black coffin-shaped markers, red pins, and blue pins, are stuck here and there on the map obviously to indicate the U-boats and the conveys. A group of U-boats was scattered along the planned route of the battleship the Prince of Wales. -in a cluster close to the battleship’s projected course: A group of U-boats was scattered along the planned route of the Prince of Wales. -the wide blue spaces: stand for the high seas.

162. 218. sighted: caught sight of by the eye or by some device; discovered. 219. So Admiral Pound advised me. I was told so by Admiral Pound -advise: inform, often used in business or official communication We were advised of the dangers before we began this work. We have advised her that we are coming. We write to advise you of the dispatch of the goods on your order of yesterday’s date.

163. 220.-evading: avoiding The lion evaded the hunters. 221. Convoy H-67 is almost home, I see. A group of ships is reaching Britain, I see. 222. We will be pulling those pins tonight. Convoy H-67 will be home tonight. By then we will take those red and blue pins off the chart since they are no longer on the high sea. 223. We may have some sport for you yet. -sport: adventure. It refers to the encountering of U- boats. You may be able to experience some adventure during the voyage. The German submarines might attack at any time and then there will be a fierce battle to repulse/drive back their attack.

164. 224. It won’t … Captain? -lively: spirited; exciting Victor Henry had met Churchill in London as a U.S. war-planning officer; he had been on a British bomber raid over Berlin, and had been through heavy German antiaircraft fire, Churchill, remembering this, asked him how he enjoyed the ride. 225. It was a rare privilege: It was not easy to have such a chance. I’m most grateful. I appreciated your kindness for letting me have such an experience. 226. Any time at all. Since you enjoy the ride, I’ll be glad to provide you with another chance at any time. You may have another ride of this kind at any time.

165. -at all: for emphasis There was nothing to worry about at all. ( 完全不， 一点也不） If you do it at all, do it well. （如果 … 真的；确实） I’m sure it’s most kind of you to receive me at all. （到底；真的；竟然） It’s a miracle that you returned at all. I’m surprised you came at all. 227. Too much honour sir. Once was plenty. Another chance would be too much honor, once was quite enough. A diplomatic refusal to risk his life a second time on such a venture. 228. hoarse– harsh

166. 229. I daresay once was enough for you. I suppose (that) I think probably/ perhaps so. We have run out of sugar, but I daresay there is some in the cupboard. I daresay there is a filling station at the corner. 230. Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy: an American film team (1926-1952) whose comedies were among the most popular in the world. -Saps at Sea is the name of a film. The name of a film should be italicised. Saps: A stupid person likely to be tricked or treated unfairly. Laurel was extremely thin whereas Hardy was fat. Laurel often tried to take advantage of Hardy, but Hardy was often saved by his good luck.

167. 231. Surgeon-General: the title of the chief of the Army Medical Service and of the United States Public Health Service. 232. Not inappropriate. Litotes: It will be quite suitable for us to see such a film while we are on the high seas. 233. Pug Henry’s enjoyment…. A U-boat pack/group The knowledge that they might at any time be engaged in a running battle with U-boats made it impossible for Henry to enjoy the film. -be shadowed by/ darkened by The later part of his life was shadowed by his son’s tragic death.

168. Henry could not possibly sit back at ease, enjoying the film since he knew very well that a running battle with U-boats might take place at any time. -U-boat pack: a group (collection) of U-boats hunting together like a pack of wolves 234. German skippers… screens -skipper: a captain of a ship or a sports team -screen: a formation of destroyers intended as a cover around (a convoy or) a fleet of heavier warships Sth. that protects, shelters or hides -adept at: thoroughly proficient; expert

169. 235. Where was Pug Henry now? He was on the Prince of Wales. 236. The film spun… uninterrupted. The film was shown to the end without anything happening. 237. A gay… entertainment. The film was great fun, but lacking in substance. The film was interesting but without any important meaning. 238. rheumy voice: the voice with cold

170. 7. We’ll have to pay the price 239. Clement Attlee’s broadcast… the wardroom: -clement Attlee (1883-1967): English politican, Labour Party leader, and prime minister (1945-51). In W. W II he served in Churchill’s cabinet as Lord privy seal (1940-42), deputy prime mister (1942-45), dominions secretary (1942-43), and Lord president of the council (1943-45) Obviously the broadcast cannot pack the wardroom: It means people crowded into the wardroom to listen to Attlee over the radio. Attlee broadcast the news of the conference and the Charter while Churchill was still at sea.

171. 240. on watch: on duty. Officers and men on board a ship are divided into groups (called “watches”) and take turns to be on duty about the ship. 241. plowing through a wild storm: cutting a way through the stormy ocean 242. rolled and pitched with slow long groans The ship turned from side to side and tossed in the sea with slow long groans (noise like that of groaning). If fitted in with the moon of the officers. To roll is to rotate around the longitudinal axis, and to pitch is to rotate around a crosswise axis. Here “roll” means “move from side to side” “Pitch means “move up and down (toss)

172. 243. Why it was a bad half hour? Because the situation on the ship was gloomy for the British, Pug alone was American in addition to the weather. 244. He saw… “Atlantic Charter” -perplexed looks: puzzled looks -lengthening forces: expressions showing disapproval disappointment -read off: read out loud (paragraph by paragraph) All negative expressions showing that the British were greatly disappointed in their expectations and they were all in low spirits.

173. Note: The Atlantic Charter, jointly signed by Roosevelt and Churchill (August 12, 1941), lists 8 points of which the sixth point says “After the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny they hope to see established a peace… which will afford assurance that all the men in all the lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want.” There was no mention of the “four freedom” MENTIONED BY THE AUTHOR. ALSO THERE WAS NO DIRECT MENTION OF German apart from Nazi tyranny, since the United States was technically still a neutral country. 245. The high-flown… American commitment bespeak: to show; to be indicative of The efficiency of the organization bespoke careful planning. -high-flown adj. refers to the language which is grand sounding though lacking in meaning

174. -not a shred of: not a trace/sign /not a small piece; not a bit There is not a shred of truth in his statement. Her tears hadn’t a shred of evidence of great sorrow for what she had done. This sentence means that the charter was in high-sounding words but contained absolutely nothing of aid to Britain by the U.S. The declaration is in high-sounding words, but contains nothing substantial in terms of aid to Britain by the U.S.

175. 246. Abuse of …flat zero. There was clear-cut (clear/ definite) condemnation of the Nazi regime… but no promise of more U.S. aid. The Declaration mentioned everything but more U.S. aid for the British. Abuse of Nazi regime…, Yes; more aid, no. The Four Freedoms: These were defined by President Roosevelt in his messages to Congress, 6 January, 1941, as the freedom of speech and expression, the freedom of worship, and the freedom from fear and want. they were to be the aims of the U.S.A. and ultimately of the world. The occasion was his proposal to extend Lend-Lease to Britain. (Note: This was far from the truth. Churchill wrote to Attlee on August 12: “They are sending us immediately 150,000 more rifles.” But of course Victor Henry and the British officers would have no way of knowing this at that time.)

176. 247. Some, sentences… anything. By free trade the Americans meant the tearing down of tariff barrier, including the breaking up of the sterling area. Without the sterling area, which was a measure taken by Britain to protect her interest and avoid foreign competition, the wide market of the British Empire would be penetrated by the United States and this would mean the end of the British Empire. And naturally the independence of the British colonies would mean the end of the British Empire. -tariff: a tariff is a tax that a government collects on goods coming into a country. -sterling: British money

177. Some sentences, if they are meaningful, about free trade and independence for all peoples meant that the British Empire would be finished. 248. a tough customer: a firm, very hard to influence customer, a hard-line bargainer, a customer hard to deal with. 249. I’d venture… than that: I’d venture: I would think -venture: v. risk If you venture sth. such as an opinion, you say it in a cautious, hesitant manner because you are afraid it might be foolish or wrong. -e.g. “Anyway,” Marsha ventured. “If we want to know what’s going on, we’ll have to do our own research.” No one has ventured to suggest why this should be.

178. I boldly think the Roosevelt-Churchill conference might have decided on more things than that (broadcast). 250. How about it, Henry? What do you say to this estimation, Henry? What’s your opinion, Henry?

179. 251. Pug saw no virtue in equivocating. -no virtue: no advantage, no benefit, no good. -equivocate: to use ambiguous terms in order to deceive, mislead, etc. to be deliberately ambiguous about -in equivocating means to use ambiguous terms in order to deceive, mislead; in obscure language. The sentence means “Pug thought it is no good answering ambiguously.” Pug thought it better to give a clear, direct answer. Ambiguity would not bring any good, only more illusions and disappointments.

180. 252. I’d guess that was it. That’s all there is to it, I think. I would think this was the only decision they had come to. 253. pledge… to destroy: -to pledge to do sth.: to promise to do sth.

181. 254. It means Lend-lease: Lend-lease: An agreement by which the United States lent or leased arms and military supplies, etc. to British and other powers during W.W. II (in some cases in return for the use of certain base, etc. ). The Lend-Lease Act was passed by Congress on 11 March 1941, and terminated on 22 August 1945. During this period the U.S.A. spent about 12, 000,000,000 and received back about $1, 836,000,000. Over 60% of the total went to the British Commonwealth.

182. 255. Questions…sides. People all over the wardroom started asking him questions. 256. But isn’t the Pacific your fight, pure and simple? -pure and simple: a cliché, as a way of saying sth. is plain and obvious; that which it is and clearly nothing else. This is robbing the state, pure and simple. 257. He can’t, without Congress behind him. The President may not give a war warning to another country without the support of the Congress. Only Congress can declare war, the President may only take action as Chief Executive.

183. 258. it came within one vote… the United States Army: Here Pug referring to the debate on the act of extension of the draft in the Congress. Just the day before, one vote fewer might have brought about a disaster, the breaking up of the U.S. army. (Note: This was incredible, but actually a fact, and Churchill saw fit to comment on it several times in its Memoirs. The Draft Act was a law authorizing compulsory military conscription (recruitment) which was passed by the majority of one vote. Nearly half of the Congressmen voted against it, although the Pacific War was only 4 months a way.) -dissolve: to cause (an association, group etc.) to end or break up. The military government dissolved the country’s parliament and suspended all political activity.

184. 259. They vote… political hides: They vote in such a manner as to save their skins, basing their votes on their guess of what the electorate want. -electorate: all the people in a country or an area who have the right to vote. The politicians do things only for their political interests, voting in Congress just for more votes in election. They try to figure out what the electorate want and then vote accordingly. In this way they hope the electorate will be pleased and they will be able to be re-elected.

185. -hunch: (colloq.) a feeling about sth. not based on known; an idea based on feeling rather than on reason or facts. How did you know that horse was going to win? It was just a hunch. -hide: (colloq.) the skin of a person, to protect one’s hide= to save one’s skin.

186. 260. Our people… the Munich Pact: The state of our people is just like that of your people at the time of the Munich Pact, when they cheered Chamberlain when he came back from Munich after having sold out Czechoslovakia. Munich Pact: the pact of September 29, 1938, a solemn agreement between two opposing groups or nations signed by Nazi Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy, in which the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia was ceded to Germany.

187. Munich: A potentially disastrous, humiliating, or dishonourable act of appeasement( 让步 ) or surrender. So called from the unfortunate act of appeasement, the Munich Pact or Agreement concluded between Great Britain, France, and Italy (30, Sept. 1938) whereby the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia was ceded to Germany, and Czechoslovakia was thus betrayed!) Chamberlain: Arthur Neville Chamberlain (1869- 1940), Prime minister of Great Britain (1937-1940), main advocate of the policy of appeasement toward Nazi Germany that culminated in the Munich Agreement of 1938.

188. 261. We’re paying the price: Chamberlain at the time of the Munich Pact failed to see through Hitler. Now we are suffering, paying the price (prolonged global war, lives, defends, etc.) for that gross mistake. 262. We’ll have to pay the price: Note the use of the future tense. The same thing that happened to you will now happen to us. 263. “We had Chamberlain… You have Roosevelt. -fresh-faced: bright and pure in colour; youthful He means that Roosevelt was a much wiser leader than Chamberlain and should have been able to avoid what Chamberlain did.

189. 264. Roosevelt can’t help that. Roosevelt can’t change the present feelings of the American people. There is nothing Roosevelt can do about it. 265. You’re the home team…language The Beijing football team is the home team in Beijing, and the football fans here all support the team and against the teams from other cities. The sentence means: You’re our favorite. We feel kinship with you. You’re the players from our side, all right; we are the spectators, we stand on your side. We have sympathy for you. When you play, we cheer you. Pug here, gives a very appropriate metaphor. The Americans were sympathetic towards the British, but they were not ready to enter the war. So there was Lend-Lease and the Atlantic Charter, but there were no war warnings to Japan until Pearl Harbour.

190. 266. Lend-Lease if no sweat. -no sweat: (sl.) no trouble or difficulty at all; easily done 267. more jobs and money: and the American people would be happy about the war-boom it brought about. 268. steep roll: a sudden sharp roll of the ship 269. crockery ( 陶器 ): earthen-ware, pots, jars, dishes -cf. vessels, utensils 270. crossfire: situation in which questions are pour to sb. from all directions; firing of guns from two or more points so that the lines of fire cross. 271. he did not talk much, etc. He felt ashamed that the U.S. was not going to give these brave people the kind of help they urgently needed, and he was not up to answering their questions and reproaches.