1. Chlorination in Waterworks Operation
Waterworks Operations I
WQT 111
Chlorination

2. Week Objectives Comprehend “the basics” of chlorine chemistry
Reading assignment: Water Treatment , Chapter 7: Disinfection
Comprehend “the basics” of chlorine chemistry
Understand the advantages and disadvantages of chlorine
Understand the history of chlorine via a timeline
Understand Breakpoint Chlorination Curve
Calculate C•T values

3. Key Words
Chlorine Residual- Measurable chlorine remaining after the demand is satisfied.
Chlorine Demand- The amount of chlorine destroyed by reaction with Fe, Mn, turbidity, organics, and microorganisms in the water.
Free Chlorine Residual- point past breakpoint where
HOCl (hypochlorous acid) and OCL- (hypochlorite ion) form.
25 times more powerful than combined chlorine for disinfection
Combined residual chlorine: chlorine combined with organics or ammonia.
NH2Cl (monochloramine) and
NH(Cl)2 (dichloramine)
N(Cl)3 (nitrogen trichloride)

4. Key Words
Breakpoint chlorination: The point at which near complete oxidation of nitrogen compounds are reached . Any point beyond breakpoint is mostly free chlorine (HOCL and OCL-)
C•T (concentration and contact time): Effectiveness of chlorination is dependant on chlorine concentration and contact time.
Sterilization: The destruction of all living things in a sample
Disinfection: The removal or inactivation of disease causing (pathogenic) organisms
Chlorine Demand= Chlorine Dose- Chlorine Residual

5. The destruction of the larger portion of microorganisms with the probability that all pathogens are killed is called
Digestion
Disinfection
Dilution
Sterilization
Disposal

6. Proper disinfection kills all organisms?
True
False

7. Chlorine applied minus ____ equals chlorine residual
Chlorine dose
Chlorine demand
Combined chlorine
Free chlorine
Total chlorine

8. CL2 Demand= Cl2 Dose- Cl2 Residual?
True
False

9. A low chlorine dose w/ longer the contact time can have the same disinfecting power as a high chlorine dose with a short detention time?
True
False

10. The amount of chlorine destroyed by reaction with Fe, Mn, turbidity, organics, and microorganisms in the water?
Free Chlorine Residual
Chlorine Demand
Chlorine Residual

11. Measurable chlorine remaining after the demand is satisfied.
Chlorine Demand
Chlorine Residual

12. HOCL?
Hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorite ion
Dichloramine

13. HOCL? Common at pH < 6 Most powerful/effective disinfectant
All of the above

14. NH2Cl Monochloramine Combined Residual Chlorine
Not as effective as a disinfectant as hypochlorus acid
All of the above

15. Sterilization only removes pathogenic organism from a water sample?
True
False

16. Chlorine Advantages
Chlorine provides a strong residual in the distribution system.
Chlorine can be easily converted to chloramines which also provide a strong residual and do not produce by-products.
Chlorine is easy to apply. Can use it in liquid, solid, or gas form
Chlorine is a relatively inexpensive disinfecting agent.
Chlorine is effective at low concentrations.

17. Chlorine Disadvantages
When chlorine reacts with organic material its' concentration is reduced and trihalomethanes(THM's), haloacetic acids (HAA5), chlorite (when chlorine dioxide is used) and bromate (when ozone is used) are disinfection-by-products (DBP's). These compounds are carcinogenic.
Chlorine provides poor Cryptosporidium and Giardia control.
Effectiveness varies depending on turbidity, [ammonia], pH, etc.
Chlorine is a dangerous and potentially fatal chemical if used improperly

18. According to the Stage 1 Disinfectant/Disinfection Byproducts Rule which of the following are considered haloacetic acids (HAA5) DPBs disinfectant byproducts?
Monochloroacetic acid
Dichloroacetic acid
Monobromoacetic acid
All of the above

19. An advantage of chlorine is that it can be a liquid, solid, or a gas?
True
False

20. Chlorine can completely remove Giardia and Cryptosporidium from water?
True
False

21. Chlorine Disinfection Timeline
500 BC- Boiling of water recommended by Hippocrates
1879- Chlorine was applied as a disinfectant for the first time (England).
1893-First time chlorine applied on a plant scale basis (Hamburg, Germany).
1903- First time chlorine gas was used as a disinfectant in drinking water (Middlekerke, Belgium).
1908- The first full scale chlorine installation at a drinking water plant in the United States was initiated in this year.
(Bubbly Creek Filter Plant in Chicago)

22. Chlorine Chemistry Timeline
1744- S.W. Scheele, a Swedish chemist, discovers chlorine.
1810-Chlorine was identified as a chemical element by Davey and called Chlorine (chlorous) due to its pale yellow/green color
1909 Liquid chlorine bleach becomes available after the Niagara Starch Co. in NY develops a production method.
1914-Wallace and Tiernan develop chlorine gas feed equipment
1914 CR Cox describes experiments with chlorine that are called “double chlorination” (Discovered breakpoint)
1928 The Olin Corporation begins production of High Test Hypochlorite dubbed “HTH”

23. Chlorination Methods Timeline
1939- A.E. Griffin explains “Breakpoint Chlorination”
1942-Henry Marks invents the amperometric chlorine residual analyzer.
1973-JJ Rook discovers chloroform (trtihalomethane) in drinking water in New Orleans and Corvallis.
1974- the SDWA is passed into law by congress.
1986 -The Surface Water Treatment Rule requires disinfection of all surface water and groundwater under the influence of surface water (GWUISW)
1986- USEPA approves four methods of drinking water disinfection. Disinfection C•T requirements for each disinfectant are established to insure inactivation of Giardia and viruses
-Chlorination, Chloramines, Ozone, UV light
2003- USEPA approves UV disinfection for Crypto

24. SDWA Amendments December 16,1998 promulgated
Disinfection Byproduct Rule (DBPR):
Stage 1 DBPR **Stage 2 in the works!**
MCLs for trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, bromate, and chlorite.
Maximum residual disinfectant level goals (MRDLs) were also finalized for chlorine, chloramines, and chlorine dioxide.
“Community water systems and non-transient non-community systems, including those serving fewer than 10,000 people, that add a disinfectant to the drinking water during any part of the treatment process.”
MRDLGs for chlorine (4 mg/L), chloramines (4 mg/L), and chlorine dioxide (0.8 mg/L);
MCLs for total trihalomethanes - a sum of the four listed above (0.080 mg/L), haloacetic acids (HAA5) (0.060 mg/L)- a sum of the two listed above plus monochloroacetic acid and mono- and dibromoacetic acids), and two inorganic disinfection byproducts (chlorite (1.0 mg/L)) and bromate (0.010 mg/L));

25. SDWA Amendments January 2002
May Information Collection Rule (ICR), occurrence data for DBPs and precursors, microbials, water quality parameters, and treatment plant parameters.
Used to develop the Stage 2 DBPR and the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR).
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
-Applies to systems serving 10,000 or more people
Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
-strengthen microbial controls for small systems (i.e., those systems serving fewer than 10,000 people.)
January 2002

26. SDWA Amendments January 5, 2006
Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR).
All public water systems with surface water or groundwater under the influence of surface water.
LT2 rule reduce illness linked with the contaminant Cryptosporidium and other disease-causing microorganisms in drinking water. Targets Cryptosporidium treatment requirements to higher risk systems.
Targeting additional Cryptosporidium treatment requirements to higher risk systems
Requiring provisions to reduce risks from uncovered finished water storage facilities
Providing provisions to ensure that systems maintain microbial protection as they take steps to reduce the formation of disinfection byproduct

27. Chlorine was first used as a disinfectant in Europe in the late 1800s?
True
False

28. Ozone, UV light, Chlorination, and Chloramines are 4 EPA approved disinfection methods?
True
False

29. Chlorine (Cl2) Widely distributed element Most important use is bleach
Toxic, noncombustible, yellow-green gas with a pungent, irritating odor and strong oxidizing effects
2.5 times as dense as air!
Slightly soluble in water
Combines with water to form hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Highly corrosive causes injury when the gas reacts with moisture in the body

30. Chlorine - Toxicity Major route of toxicity is inhalation
Solutions that generate chlorine can be highly corrosive to skin or GI tract
Strong oxidizing capability
Produce major tissue damage

31. Chlorine - Toxicity Hypochlorous acid
Penetrates cells and react with cytoplasmic proteins, enzymes
Form N-chloro derivatives that destroy cell structure
Can alter DNA replication of viruses
Estimated lowest lethal concentration
30-min exposure is 430 ppm ppm
Fatal within minutes

32. Chlorine is a toxic, corrosive, gas?
True
False

33. Which of the following is a correct set of characteristics for chlorine as used in disinfection?
Chlorine gas is colorless, flammable, and heavier than air
Chlorine gas is colorless, flammable, and lighter than air
Chlorine gas is greenish-yellow (amber) in color, flammable, and lighter than air
Chlorine gas in greenish-yellow (amber) in color, toxic, lighter than air, and noncorrosive
Chlorine gas is toxic, corrosive, and heavier than air

34. Protective Equipment
Variety of rubber and plastic materials resist chlorine
Wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination
Use air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment
Chlorine-resistant plastic sheeting and disposable bags useful in preventing spread of contamination

35. Protective Equipment

36. Chlorine Chemistry Molecular Chlorine: Cl2 Chlorine Atom:
Atomic Number 17
Atomic Weight g
Molecular Chlorine: Cl2
Yellow-green gas (above 100 ppm)
Chemical Classification
-"Oxidizer“, "Reactive“
********Two SMCL's apply to chlorine: 4 mg/l for Cl2, and
250mg/l for Cl-**
New MCL under consideration

37. Chlorine Chemistry Properties
Dry liquid: 100% gas
Powder: Calcium Hypochlorite- 30, 65, 70% chlorine
Liquid: Sodium Hypochlorite: 5-15% chlorine
Density = 2.5 times as heavy as air, Irritant
Boiling point oF
Freezing point oF
1 part of liquid will produce 450 parts of gas
Maximum solubility: 1% at 49.2 oF
Slightly soluble in water
Temperatures below 49.2 will result in chlorine ice
Insoluble in water at 212oF.

38. Where should sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach) be stored?
Away from flammable objects, as it is a fire hazard
Away from equipment that is susceptible to corrosion
closed containers at room temperature for no longer than 6 months
Near the chemical feed pump day tank, to lessen operator handling risks

39. Chlorine as a powder can have purities of 30, 65, and 70%?
True
False

40. Sodium hypochlorite is manufactured by the reaction of gaseous or liquid chlorine with a solution of _________ _________ to produce a liquid containing NaOCl.
Sodium hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium bisulfite
Sodium azide

41. Which form of hypochlorite is the most dangerous to handle?
Sodium
Fluoride
Calcium
Chlorine

42. Chlorine gas is _____ times heavier than air
2.5
2.0
3.5
1.5

43. Chlorine Chemistry
When Cl combines with water it produces hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl
hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite (OCL-) ion vary with pH.
Both HOCl and OCl are good disinfecting agents, but un-ionized hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is 100 times more effective than hypochlorite (OCl-)
HOCL is stable below pH 6

44. Hypochlorous acid is the most powerful disinfectant associated with chlorine?
True
False

45. pH Impact on Free Chlorine

46. What compound is first formed when chlorine is applied to water?
Hypochlorous acid
Hydrochloric acid
Chloramines
Free chlorine ions

47. Chlorine will destroy bacteria most rapidly at what pH?
7.5
8.5
9.5
10.5

48. Chlorine Chemistry in Water
Start with chlorine gas Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl
2. If the pH of the water is greater than 8, the hypochlorus acid (HOCl-) will dissociate (break) to yield hypochlorite ion.
HOCl H+ + OCl– @pH>8
3. pH is less than 7, HOCl will not dissociate.
HOCl
HOCl
@pH<7
Free residual hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is more 1000 times more effective than combined residual monochloramine

49. Which of the following is true about chlorine chemistry?
pH < 7 favors hypochlorous acid
pH >8 hypochlorite ions form which can still disinfectant
HOCL is 100 times more powerful then OCL-
All of the above

50. HOCL is 1,000 times more powerful then monochloramine?
True
False

51. Basic Chlorine Compounds
Chlorine Demand: chlorine reacted with
Clay, silt, iron, manganese, bacteria
Combined Chlorine Residuals
Chloramines: chlorine reacted with
Inorganic ammonia compounds (NH3)
Organic nitrogen proteins (amino acids)
Less DBP
Weak against virus and protozoa

52. Chlorine demand is satisfied at the point when
The reaction of chlorine with organic and inorganic materials stops
Free chlorine residuals reach 2.5 mg/L
An odor of chlorine is present
Chlorine reaches the last tap

53. Cl:NH3 and pH Impact in Water
If ammonia (NH3) is present in water, the hypochlorus acid (HOCL) will react to form one kind of chloramine depending on the pH, temperature, and reaction time.
2. Monochloramine and dichloramine are formed at pH
3. Monochloramine is most Cl2:NH3 <5:1
4. pH , Cl:NH3 > 5:1 -Monochloramine converts to dichloramines
5. pH < 4.5, Cl2:NH3 ~15:1 -Trichloramine which produces a very foul odor.

54. Chlorine-Ammonia (chloramines)
Chlorine- Ammonia reactions are governed by:
Rates of formation of mono and dichloramine. pH
Temperature
Time
Cl:NH3 ratio
Fact: High Cl:NH3 ratio, low temp & pH favor dichloramine
Combined Available Chlorine- chlorine existing in the water in chemical combination with ammonia-nitrogen or organic nitrogen

55. Chloramines in Water 3. pH 4.5-8.5; pH 8.0-8.5
Monochloramine: NH3 + HOCl NH2Cl + H2O
2. pH ; pH
Dichloramine: NH2Cl + 2HOCl NHCl2 + 2H2O
4. pH <4.5
Trichloramine: NHCl2 + 3HOCl NHCl3 + 3H2O
Chloramines are an effective disinfectant against bacteria but not against viruses.
Add more chlorine to the wastewater to prevent the formation of chloramines and form stronger disinfectants.

56. Add the Extra Free Chlorine (HOCL)
5. Additional free chlorine (HOCL or OCL-) reacts with chloramine to produce hydrogen ion, water , and nitrogen gas which will come out of solution.
In the case of the monochloramine, the following reaction occurs:
2NH2Cl + HOCl N2 + 6HCl + H2O
Added free chlorine reduces the concentration of chloramines in the disinfection process. Instead the chlorine that is added is allowed to form the stronger disinfectant, hypochlorus acid.

57. If abundant (15 times) Cl is around and the pH < 4
If abundant (15 times) Cl is around and the pH < 4.5 Trichloramine is the most likely chloramine to form?
True
False

58. Which of the following impact chloramine disinfection?pH
Temperature
Time
All of the above

59. Ammonium nitrogen and chlorine

60. Taste and Odor Problems
Free (HOCL) mg/L
Monochloramine 5 mg/L
Dichloramine .8 mg/L
Trichloramine mg/L

61. Chlorine Chemistry Summary
Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl
Chlorine Hydrochloric Hypochlorous
Ca(OCl)2 (aqueous) Ca2+ +2 OCl-
Calcium Hypochlorite Hypochlorite
NaOCl2 (aqueous) Na+ + OCl-
Sodium Hypochlorite Hypochlorite
HOCl H+ + OCl-
Hypochlorous Hypochlorite
HOCl NH NH2Cl + H2O
Hypochlorous Ammonia Chloramine

62. Chlorine Residual Analysis
Starch Iodide Titration: common in wastewater
Amperometric Titration: common in wastewater with cloudy or turbidity problems
DPD colorometric- common in water and wastewater. Measures free residual or combined residual.

63. Chlorine residual may be determined using the reagent:
Diethyl-p-phenylene diamine
Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Sodium thiosulfate

64. Which of the following methods is not used to determine chlorine residual?
Photometric
Iodometric
Titrimetric
Amperometric

65. A chlorine demand test will show the:
Safe amount of chlorine that may be fed without killing people
Number of lbs required to kill 100% of coliforms
Amount of chlorine required to give a desired residual after a given time
Amount of chlorine required to satisfy the biochemical oxygen demand

66. Breakpoint Chlorination
Breakpoint chlorination: The point at which near complete oxidation of nitrogen compounds are reached . Any point beyond breakpoint is mostly free chlorine (HOCL and OCL-)
A. Amount of chlorine required
Theory: 7.6 to 15 times the ammonia nitrogen content of the water
Practice: up to 25 times the ammonia nitrogen content
B. Beyond breakpoint
90% free residual chlorine (HOCL and OCL-)
10% combined chlorine
C. Why must breakpoint chlorination be reached?
Necessary for the production of free residual chlorine (HOCL and OCL-)
Reduces taste and odors
Reduces chloramines

67. What is the process of adding chlorine to water until the chlorine demand has been satisfied called?
Contact time
Reliquefaction
Hypochlorination
Breakpoint chlorination

69. Breakpoint Chlorination
Zone I: Chlorine is destroyed by reducing agents such as iron, manganese, clay and silt. Chlorine reduced to chloride
Zone II: Chlorine comes into contact with organics and ammonia. Chloroorganics and chloramines are formed.
Zone III: Chloroorganics and chloramines are partially destroyed. Chloramines are broken down and converted to nitrogen gas which leaves the system
Zone IV: Breakpoint. Beyond this point, free available residual is formed. Some chloroorganics still remain as combined residual.
Chlorine demand is difference between applied chlorine and the free chlorine residual at any two points on the breakpoint curve.

70. In Zone 1 most of the chlorine dose gets used by chlorine demand ?
True
False

71. In Zone II chlorine reacts with ammonia to form combined chlorine ?
True
False

72. In Zone III some combined chlorine gets broken down to nitrogen gas ?
True
False

73. At Breakpoint chlorine added becomes free available chlorine?
True
False

74. Disinfection with chlorine may cause the formation of these compounds
Disinfection with chlorine may cause the formation of these compounds. They are a result of chlorine binding to naturally occurring organic matter.
Trihalomethanes
Trichloramines
CFCs
Chloroalkali salts

76. DPB (TRIHALOMETHANES)
THM: Carcinogenic byproduct of a reaction with chlorine. Form when free chlorine comes into contact with organic compounds. ID by EPA in 1974.
A. Four most common THMs MCLS
Chloroform mg/L
Bromodichloromethane 0 mg/L
Dibromochloromethane mg/L
Bromoform mg/L
C. DPB
Trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles, chlorinated acetic acids, chlorophenolds,

77. Bromoform is a type of trihalomethane?
True
False

78. TRIHALOMETHANES X H C X X HCX3 X= Cl, Br, or I Chloroform
Bromodichloromethane
Bromoform
MCL=0.08 mg/L X H C X X
HCX3
X= Cl, Br, or I

79. DPB (TRIHALOMETHANES)
D. Water treatment processes that can be used to control THMs.
Aeration
Feed oxidation chemicals instead of pre chlorination
Coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration
Water softening processes (Ion exchange)
Powdered activated carbon.
E. Substitute Oxidants for Pre-chlorinations
Ozone O3 Potassium permangante KMnO4
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 hypochlorous acid HOCl
Hypobromous Acid HOBr Bromine Br
Hypoiodous acid HOI Chlorine Dioxide ClO2
Iodine I2 Oxygen O2

80. You can aerate or add oxygen to water before chlorination to cut THMS?
True
False

81. Chlorine Effectiveness
These are all important: pH
Temperature
Chlorine Demand:
suspended solids/nitrite/organics/
reduced chemicals
5. Contact time
6. Concentration
7. Mixing Intensity
8. Type of residual

82. Chlorine Effectiveness
1. pH (low pH =better disinfection)
want pH < 7.5=more hypochlorus acid
2. Temperature (warm temp=better disinfect)
chlorine disinfection power doubles every 10 degrees.
3. Chlorine Demand (Low Chlorine demand=better disinfect)
Fe+3, Mn+4, HS and turbidity cause chlorine demand
4. Suspended solids/nitrite/organics/
reduced chemicals

83. As water temperatures decrease, the disinfecting action of chlorine
Decreases
Increases
Remains the same

84. In the application of chlorine for disinfection, which of the following is not normally an operational consideration?
Mixing
Contact time
Dissolved oxygen pH
None of these answers are correct

85. pH > 8 favors hypochlorite ion which is a more powerful disinfectant than hypochlorous acid?
True
False

86. Chlorine disinfection power doubles every 10 degrees?
True
False

87. Low chlorine demand is better for disinfection?
True
False

88. Chlorine Effectiveness
5. Contact time (longer contact = better disinfection)
Varies depending on tank dimensions
6. Concentration (higher concentration=better disinfection)
OPTIMIZE THE DISINFECTION PROCESS
7. Mixing Intensity (Rapid Mixing=better disinfection)
Rapidly disperse chlorine better kill rate
8. Disinfection CT (higher actual CT=better disinfection)
As disinfection CT increases by 50, effective kill increases 10 times (EPA set guidelines)

89. Longer contact time is better for disinfection?
True
False

90. In general high dose concentrations = better disinfection?
True
False

91. Slow mixing favors better disinfection?
True
False

92. SDWA 99.9% removal of Giardia Lamblia cysts
99.99% removal of Enteric Viruses
Disinfection CTs have been established
Free chlorine
Chloramine
Chlorine dioxide
Ozone

93. Log
Understanding “log removal” requirements of the Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
First a definition and some examples:
Logarithm10: The exponent of the power to which 10 must be raised to equal a given number.
Examples:
• 102 is equal to 100, the log10 of 100 is 2
• 103 is equal to 1000, the log10 of 1000 is 3
• is equal to 446.7, the log10 of is 2.65
Log inactivation: A simplified method for expressing the degree
to which microorganisms are removed from water. The removal
percentage is expressed as the log to the base 10.
If 100 Giardia cysts are inactivated so that only 1 remains, what is the percent removal of the microorganism?
( ) x 100 = 99% or 2 log inactivation
100

95. EPA APPROVED METHODS Disinfection C•T
Inactivation of Waterborne Pathogens By Disinfection
The EPA has approved 4 chemical oxidizers for drinking water
Disinfection:
Free Chlorine, (HOCl and OCl-)
Chloramine, (NH2Cl)
Chlorine dioxide, (ClO2)
Ozone (O3)
Each of these disinfectants has a proven capability to kill or
inactivate waterborne pathogens, including viruses and protozoa cysts. The disinfection power of these chemicals is dramatically different.
Disinfection C•T

96. Four EPA Approved disinfectant chemicals are Free Chlorine, (HOCl and OCl-) Chloramine, (NH2Cl) Chlorine dioxide, (ClO2) Ozone (O3)?
True
False

98. Disinfection C•T Requirements
Chlorine residual concentrations (mg/L)
Contact Time (min)
Water Temperature
Water pH
Disinfection power= [residual chlorine] • time of its contact

99. Disinfection C•T Calculation
C•T= [disinfection concentration mg/L] • contact time (min)
C•T units= mg/L• min or mg •min/L
Required C•T
CTrequired is # established by EPA to provide log inactivation. Based on Giardia cysts. Look up in charts
Actual C•T
CTactual is # established by multiplying actual chlorine residual by hydraulic detention time and baffle factor.

100. Disinfection C•T Calculation
C•T actual =[Residual chlorine]•hydraulic detention time•baffle factor (table)
Hydraulic detention time = volume/flow rate
C•Tact/ CTreq= ratio must be > or = to 1.
C•Tact/ CTreq>1.0

101. Disinfection C•T Rules
Chlorine residuals used for C•T calculations are measured after contact, but before first customer.
2. Contact times are determined by calculating the hydraulic detention time (HDT) as water flows through pipes and tanks. Based on highest flow of day.

102. Disinfection C•T Rules
3. Water flowing through pipes provides contact times that are equal to the calculated HDT. Circular or rectangular tanks used for contact time are given only partial credit due to short circuiting.

112. The objective stated in the syllabus to have an overview of chlorine chemistry and the chlorination process, were met ?
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree