1. Unix Network Programming Part 2: Elementary Sockets 8.5.2005 Jani Peusaari

2. Contents Socket address structures Byte Ordering & Manipulation Streams Necessary information on how to create a socket and how they work. Protocol dependency issues and introduction to performance.

3. Notes In the book: – {} means a structure, e.g. in_addr{} – Solid boxes demonstrate system functions – Boxes with dashed lines demonstate authors own functions ’const’ pointers as function arguments mean their contents are not changed in the function

4. Socket address structures Socket functions work through a reference to a protocol dependent address structure (sockaddr_ + protocol suffix) Structures are used to pass information between the process and the kernel Structures reside only on a given host, and are not passed in actual communication

5. struct in_addr { in_addr_ts_addr; }; struct sockaddr_in { uint8_tsin_len; sa_family_tsin_family; // AF_INET in_port_tsin_port; struct in_addrsin_addr; char sin_zero };

6. Structure differences POSIX only requires sin_family, sin_addr and sin_port A POSIX compliant implementation may have additional fields Almost all have implementations have a sin_zero field so that structures are at least 16 bytes (128 bits) long

7. Types POSIX defines different variable types that are used to define structures, to make architecture independent representations Integer format: int _t e.g. uint8_t, int16_t For backward compatibility reasons, some structure members can be other structures, that are again typedef’d as e.g. uint32_t Also u_char, u_long for backward reasons

8. Different Protocol Support All socket functions must be usable with different protocol families Socket address structures are of different size Solution: Generic socket address structure All functions require that structures are cast into a pointer to this generic structure, e.g.: bind(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)serv, sizeof(serv)) Kernel checks protocol family

9. From IPv4 to IPv6 SIN6_LEN constant defined if sin6_len field present in socket address structure Family is AF_INET6 (In IPv4 AF_INET) Structure designed to be 64-bit aligned New generic socket address structure defined: struct sockaddr_storage

10. struct in6_addr { uint8_ts6_addr[16]; }; struct sockaddr_in { uint8_tsin6_len; sa_family_tsin6_family; // AF_INET6 in_port_tsin6_port; uint32_tsin6_flowinfo; struct in6_addrsin6_addr; uint32_tsin6_scope_id; };

11. New Generic Socket Address Structure The old one only 16 bytes long New one is defined to be as long as the largest possible structure in the system Support for alignment requirements If things were designed now, all would be cast as (void *), length field would be a requirement...

12. Value-Result Arguments Socket Address Structures are commonly passed as a reference Some arguments used in two ways E.g. int accept(int s, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen); *addrlen is a value when called, result when function returns (especially for variable length socket address structures)

13. Byte Ordering Systems use different byte orders, known as little-endian and big-endian Network byte order, host byte order Network byte order is big-endian POSIX requires that certain fields in socket address structures must be maintained in network byte order User is responsible for this

14. Byte ordering functions Host to Network functions uint16_t htons(uint16_t host16bitvalue); uint32_t htonl(uint32_t host32bitvalue); Network to Host functions uint16_t ntohs(uint16_t net16bitvalue); uint32_t ntohl(uint32_t net32bitvalue);

15. Address/ASCII conversion Functions that convert from/to ASCII strings to/from network byte ordered binary values E.g. ”157.24.8.133” to 32-bit network byte ordered binary value ASCII / Network (inet_aton, inet_ntoa) Presentation / Numeric (inet_pton, inet_ntop)

16. #include int inet_aton(const char *strptr, struct in_addr *addrptr); in_addr_t inet_addr(const char *strptr); // DONT USE char *inet_ntoa(struct in_addr inaddr);

17. #include int inet_pton(int family, const char *strptr, void *addrptr); const char *inet_ntop(int family, const void *addrptr, char *strptr, size_t len);

18. Problems Older functions only work with IPv4, and have some special qualities E.g. what inet_addr returns on error Newer functions require that we know the address family – Family as argument – Structure member names

19. Streams File reading functions, e.g. read/write are also used with stream sockets Unlike with files, these functions may return less bytes read/written than requested, but it is not an error The book demonstrates functions, which correctly handle stream sockets

20. Solutions presented The book shows sock_* functions, an approach for family independent code Instead of calling e.g. inet_ntop directly, call a matching sock_ntop function, which looks inside the socket address structure for family, and call inet_ntop accordingly Approach that simplifies portability between families

21. Supporting functions Functions that operate on multibyte data, without interpreting the data, without assuming null terminates the data 4.2BSD (b*) and ANSI C (mem*) functions Needed for zeroying socket address structures, copying structures / structure members

22. #include void bzero(void *dest, size_t nbytes); void bcopy(const void *src, void *dest, size_t nbytes); int bcmp(const void *ptr1, const void *ptr2, size_t nbytes); #include void *memset(void *dest, int c, size_t len); void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t nbytes); int memcmp(const void *ptr1, const void *ptr2, size_t nbytes);

23. Portable code Compile time tests to check socket address structures Always check socket address structure size (e.g. sizeof(sockaddr_in)) Use newer inet_* functions that support both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses – Possibly with wrappers to handle address families in an independent way