1. Tests for Constituent structure Substitution Deletion Movement Coordination

2. Substitution: NP Substitute for NPs with pronouns (he, she, it, they, etc.) e.g., [Laura] will buy [the new Battlestar Galactica DVD] tomorrow. Rita will buy it Wednesday. She will buy ‘V’ for Vendetta Friday. NP [the new BSG DVD] NP [Laura]

3. Substitution: VP Substitute for VPs with do/done so e.g., Laura has eaten lots of Halloween candy. –Matt has done so too. –Sandy will do so if we don’t stop her.  AUX (has, will, etc.) is outside the VP constituent. S => NP Aux VP

4. Substitution test “The cow attacked the farmer with the axe.” The cow attacked him. NP: [the farmer with the axe] The cow attacked him with it. him: NP [the farmer] it: NP [the axe]

5. Deletion A constituent can be deleted from a phrase when there is an identical constituent in the discourse to supply its meaning Laura [ VP bought a new DVD]. Rita did [ VP ____ ] too.

6. Deletion test Laura rented ‘Star Wars’ at Blockbuster. Rita did [ ___ ] too. => [ VP rented ‘Star Wars’ at Blockbuster] *Rita did [ ___ ] at Netflix, too. What gets deleted is the entire VP constituent.

7. Movement Question formation: “Laura will drive her car on the weekend.” What will Laura drive (that car) on the weekend? When will Laura drive that car (on the weekend)?

8. Movement targets constituents: *What will Laura drive [ NP that ( )] on the weekend? *When will Laura drive that car [ PP on ( ___ )]?

9. Movement test “The cow attacked the farmer with the axe.” Who did the cow attack _______________? Who did the cow attack__________ with the axe?

10. Optional Movement Topicalization: optional movement used to emphasize something –I don’t like peas, but peanuts I like _____. –They didn’t think he could win the election, but win the election he did __________. O - S - V

11. Topicalization and Ambiguity “The cow attacked the farmer with the axe.” The farmer with the axe, the cow attacked. The farmer, the cow attacked with the axe.