1. Programming A Historic Perspective on Code Reuse Yingcai Xiao

2. Want to know? Why we have to write programs to run a computer? Why an error in a program is called a bug? Why there are so many programming languages? What is a computer? (From a programmer’s point of view). How do those languages support code reuse?

3. Programming a Computer

4. Types of Computers Analog: Analog Device, 1.2345678 Digital: Binary Device, 0 or 1 Programming a Computer Wiring: Hardware, Bug, Ada Coding: Software Modern Computers: von Neumann architecture Run stored programs (code reuse) to process stored data. Components: Memory, IO, CPU, Secondary Storage.

5. What is a program and what is programming? Programs: stored instructions for data processing. Programming = Data Structures + Algorithms Professor Donald E. Knuth http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/

6. What is a program from a computer’s point of view? Programs: Stored binary opcodes Different types of computers have different opcodes Opcodes are not reusable on different types computers Programs in binary codes are not reusable on different types of computers

7. How data are stored on a computer? Bits (0/1) and bytes (0-255): Short Int (2 bytes): 00000010 0000001000000000 0000000000000010 Endian (byte ordering): little (Intel), big (Moterola, Sun), bi (DEC Alpha, MIPS), big-to-bi (Sun SPARK v9)

8. Is data reusable? 01000001 No, in general. Is data saved on one type of computers reusable on another type of computers? Yes, for ASCII text ‘A’ (65) ASCII text (ISO/IEC 8859-1) is platform-independent.

9. Programming on punch cards. Anyone? Programs: stored binary opcodes Punch Card Programming: punch card machines converts instructions typed into binary codes (0 no hole, 1 hole) on a stack of cards.

10. Programming Languages

11. Assembly Languages English-like: load, add, save Assembler: a program that translates code written in an assembly language into opcodes. Assembly languages are machine-dependent. An assembly language is only valid for a specific CPU architecture. Programs written in an assembly language are machine-dependent and not reusable on a different types of CPU architectures.

12. High-level Programming Languages English-like: if, for, switch, … Compiler: a program that translates code written in a high-level programming language into opcodes. The input is called the source code and output is called the object code (.obj). Object-codes and executables are machine-dependent. High-level languages are machine-independent. Examples: A, B, Basic, Fortran, C, C++, C#, Java (Why using such names?) Linker: a program that links object codes together to make an executable (.exe).

13. High-level Programming Languages Binary codes are reusable as libraries on computers of the same architecture. (compile-time sharing). Object codes (from different high-level programming languages) can be put together to make a library (.lib). Libraries (.lib and.dll) are machine-dependent. A dynamically-linked library (.dll) can be shared by all programs on the same computer and by all the running processes on the same computer (run-time sharing). Libraries and object files on a computer are linked together to form an executable. (compile-time sharing of binary code).

14. High-level Programming Languages The header files contain the header (not the implementation) of user defined data types and related methods (functions), i.e., describe what’s in the library. To use a library, one needs to include the header files (.h) for the library in the source code. The compiler use the information in the header files to make type checking. Before compilation, the preprocessor of the compiler copies everything in the header files into the source code and generate an intermediate (.I) file.

15. Traditional Compilation Source File (.cpp) Intermediate File (.I) Object File (.obj) Binary File (.exe) PreprocessingCompilationLinking

16. High-level Programming Languages Source codes written in a high-level programming language are reusable on different types of computers. Binary codes (.obj,.lib,.dll,.exe) compiled from a high-level programming language are reusable on the computers of the same architecture but not reusable on computers of different architecture.

17. Operating Systems OS: software that controls the operation of a computer. Each operating system can only run on a specific type of computers (e.g. Mac or PC) Multiple operating systems can run on the same type of computers (e.g. Windows and Linux both run on PCs). Binary code for one OS will not work on another OS even if both are installed on the same computer (e.g. both Windows and Linux are installed on all lab computers, but (binary) Windows programs will not run in Linux and vice versa.

18. Common Binary Code? (Binary Code Reuse Cross OS)

19. Traditional Compilation Source Code for Language 1 Language 1 Compiler on OS1 Binary Code for OS1 OS1 Source Code for Language 1 Language 1 Compiler on OS2 Binary Code for OS2 OS2

20. OS-Independent Code: Intermediate Languages The trend to support machine-independent binary code is to compile the source code into the binary format of an intermediate language. And to provide an interpreter for the intermediate language on each OS to translate the binary code of the intermediate language into the native binary code of the OS.

21. OS-Independent Compilation: Intermediate Language Source Code for Language 1 Language 1 Compiler on OS1 Intermediate Binary Code for Language1 OS1 Intermediate Code Interpreter OS1 OS2 Language 1 Compiler on OS2 Binary Code for OS2Binary Code for OS1 Intermediate Code Interpreter OS2

22. Java Intermediate Language: Java Bytecode Java Source Code (.java) Java Compiler (javac) on OS1 Java Bytecode (.class) OS1 Java Interpreter on OS1 (java) OS2 Java Compiler (javac) on OS2 Binary Code for OS2Binary Code for OS1 Java Interpreter on OS2 (java) Program statements are interpreted one at a time during the run-time.

23. JIT Compiler An interpreter interprets intermediate code one line at a time. Slow execution. A JIT (Just-In-Time) compiler compiles the complete code all at once just into native binary code before execution. Faster execution.

24. JIT Complier: Java Bite Code Compiler Java Source Code (.java) Java Compiler (javac) on OS1 Java Bytecode (.class) OS1 Java JIT Compiler on OS1 OS2 Java Compiler (javac) on OS2 Binary Code for OS2Binary Code for OS1 Java JIT Compiler on OS2 All programming statements are compiled at compile time.

25. .NET OS-Platform-Independence MSIL: Microsoft Intermediate Language (Used by.NET) Source Code for Language 1 Language 1 Compiler on OS1 MSIL Code OS1 MSIL JIT Compiler on OS1 OS2 Language 1 Compiler on OS2 Binary Code for OS2Binary Code for OS1 MSIL JIT Compiler on OS2

26. JIT Compilation in.NET All MSIL code are JIT-compiled to native binary code before execution. No run-time interpretation, faster execution.

27. A Common Language? (Source Code Reuse Cross Languages).NET CTS/CLR

28. .NET Common Language Runtime To make.NET language independent, CLR (Common Language Runtime) is defined as the runtime environment. CLR defines CTS (Common Type System) which should be followed by all languages to be used in the.NET framework. The code that follows CTS standard and runs through CLR is called managed code.

29. .NET Language-Independence CLR: Common Language Runtime Source Code for Language 1 Language 1 Compiler on OS1 MSIL Code Confirming CTS (Managed Code) OS1 CLR on OS1 OS2 Language 2 Compiler on OS2 Binary Code for OS2Binary Code for OS1 CLR on OS2 Source Code for Language 2

30. .NET Architecture for Language and Platform Independence (fan-in and fan-out on MSIL) Source Code for Language 1 Language 1 Compiler on OS1 OS1 CLR for OS1 OS2 Language 2 Compiler on OS2 Binary Code for OS2Binary Code for OS1 CLR for OS2 Source Code for Language 2 MSIL Code Confirming CTS (Managed Code)

31. CLI (Common Language Infrastructure) CLR/CTS for Everyone?

32. CLI : Common Language Infrastructure A specification defines an environment for multiple high-level languages to be used on different computer platforms. Created by Microsoft based on.NET, standardized by MS, Intel, HP and others, ratified by ECMA and ISO..NET is an implementation of CLI for desktop systems..NET Compact Framework is an implementation of CLI for portable devices. Open Source implementations: Mono development platform (Novell), Portable.NET (dotGNU)

33. CLI (Common Language Infrastructure) Specification Open Architecture for Language and Platform Independent Programming Source Code for Language 1 Language 1 Compiler on OS1 OS1 CLR for OS1 OS2 Language 2 Compiler on OS2 Binary Code for OS2Binary Code for OS1 CLR for OS2 Source Code for Language 2 CIL (Common Intermediate Language) Code Confirming CTS (Common Type System)

34. A Common Language for the Internet?

35. A Common Language for the Internet ASCII text (ISO/IEC 8859-1) is platform-independent. => HTTP (Hyper Text Transport Protocol) => Recognizable by all types of computers. (World Wide Web) => Everything is presented as text including data and programs. Tim Berners-Lee => HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)

36. A Common Language for the Internet  XML (eXtensible Markup Language), can be used to define data and programs over the Internet. => SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol), XML-based => WSDL (Web Service Description Language), XML-based

37. Web Services Libraries shared over the Internet at run-time. Service interfaces specify what the services can do (contracts). Service interfaces are defined in WSDL (Web Service Description Language) UDDI Registry: Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration. (yellow page) Access Standard: SOAP: Simple Object Access Protocol

38. What did you learn? Computer, programming, data structure, algorithm, programming languages, …