1. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 Key Definitions The architecture design consists of plans for the hardware, software, communications, security, and global support for the new application The designers must decide if processing will occur in the server (server-based), at the personal computer (client-based), or in some combination of these (client-server based).

2. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Key Definitions The network model shows major components of the system, where they are located and how they will be connected to one another. The hardware and software specifications describe these components in detail and aid those responsible for purchase and acquisition of these products.

3. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Computing Architectures

4. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Functions of the Application System Data storage Data access logic Application logic Presentation logic

5. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Architectures Server based Client based Client-server based

6. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Alternative Servers Mainframe Minicomputer Microcomputer (personal computer)

7. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Alternative Clients Terminals Microcomputer (personal computer) Special purpose terminals (ATMs, kiosks, Palm Pilots, and many others)

8. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Server-Based Computing

9. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Client-Based Computing

10. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Client-Server-Based Computing

11. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Client-Server Attributes Typical Pros Compatible with web-based system design Scalable Work with multiple vendors/products No central point of failure Typical Cons/Limits Complexity New programming languages and techniques (stress for personnel) More complex to update

12. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Client-Server -- Three Tiers

13. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Client-Server -- Four Tiers

14. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 N-Tiered Client-Server Attributes Typical Pros Separates processing to better balance load More scalable Typical Cons/Limits Greater load on the network More difficult to program and test

15. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Infrastructure Design

16. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Realities of Infrastructure Design Most often the infrastructure will be in place Coordination of infrastructure components is very complex The application developer will need to coordinate with infrastructure specialists

17. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 The Network Model No standard format Conveys complexity of the system and how components fit together Components are clients equipment connection to external systems or networks

18. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Top-Level Network Model

19. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Hardware and Software Specification Used if new hardware or software must be purchased Actual acquisition of hardware and software usually left to a purchasing department -- especially in larger firms

20. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Steps in Hardware and Software Specification Note hardware in low-level network model to create list of needed hardware Describe equipment in as much detail as possible Consider whether increased processing and traffic will absorb unused hardware capacity Note all software running on each hardware component

21. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Global Issues

22. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Global Requirements Multilingual requirements Concurrent multilingual systems Discrete multilingual systems Local versus centralized control Unstated norms (e.g. dates, currency) 24-7 Support Communications infrastructure

23. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Security

24. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 24 Identifying Threats to the System A threat is any potential adverse occurrence that can do harm to the application or its data Threats come from internal as well as external sources Categories of threats Disruptions, destruction and disaster Unauthorized access

25. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 25 Most Common Threats

26. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 26 Assessing the Risk of Each Threat

27. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 27 Creating Controls A control is something that mitigates or stops a threat Controls include redundancy fault tolerant servers disaster recovery plans anti-virus software

28. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 28 Additional Controls Include A security policy Passwords and encryption Firewalls

29. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 29 Summary The three fundamental computing architectures are server-based, client-based, and client-server based. The network model shows technical components of the system and their geographic location throughout the organization. Hardware and software must be specified for acquisition in the project The systems analyst needs to also account for global issues and security measures.