1. Rail Transit Impacts on Trip Making and Land Development in Shanghai, China This study is jointly supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy (Cambridge, MA) and the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy (Cambridge, MA) and the University of Texas at Austin Prepared by Haixiao Pan, Ph.D. Professor, Department of urban Planning Tongji University, Shanghai, China E-mail: hxpank@online.sh.cn hxpank@online.sh.cn Ming Zhang, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Community & Regional Planning The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 E-mail: zhangm@mail.utexas.edu zhangm@mail.utexas.edu

2. The past ten years witnessed a major boom in rail transit development in China. The past ten years witnessed a major boom in rail transit development in China. 1.0 Introduction 1.0 Introduction

3. · Intention for the metro: 1 improve mobility 1 improve mobility 2 spatial structuring against sprawl 2 spatial structuring against sprawl · Purpose of the study: 1 How has the introduction of Shanghai ’ s metro rail influenced trip making? 1 How has the introduction of Shanghai ’ s metro rail influenced trip making? 2 Does the development of the metro system affect land use around transit stations? 2 Does the development of the metro system affect land use around transit stations? 1.0 Introduction 1.0 Introduction

4. 2.0 Background Information of Shanghai 2.0 Background Information of Shanghai Location and population at the junction of the east coastal economic belt and the Yangtze River Basin economic belt. at the junction of the east coastal economic belt and the Yangtze River Basin economic belt. 18 districts and one island county, 18 districts and one island county, total area of 6,340.5 square kilo-meters total area of 6,340.5 square kilo-meters Pudong New Area:523 square kilo-meters Pudong New Area:523 square kilo-meters population total : around 17 m. registered :13.44m. population total : around 17 m. registered :13.44m.

5. Density: Density: Central area density in year of 2000 and 1990 (thousand, person/square km) Area 20001990 Population move outPopulation Density Population Density Huangpu 363.6574.5 46296 938.1 75592 Luwang 146.9328.9 40859 475.8 59105 Jingan 181.3305.3 40069 486.6 63861 New Districts 7418.2 2041 County 2059.2 852 Shanghai Wide 16407.7 2588 13341.9 2104 3.1 times higher than Beijing, and 2.9 times higher than Tianjin. 2.0 Background Information of Shanghai 2.0 Background Information of Shanghai

6. Density (in 100s persons Density (in 100s persons per square kilometers): 2.0 Background Information of Shanghai 2.0 Background Information of Shanghai

8. Economic growth Economic growth Growth rate over 10 percent for more than thirteen years 2.0 Background Information of Shanghai 2.0 Background Information of Shanghai

9. Metro Lines in Shanghai: Metro Lines in Shanghai: 2.0 Background Information of Shanghai 2.0 Background Information of Shanghai Line # Length (KM) Headway (min.) Stations Year Opened 132.543251995 218.323.5132000 323.175.5192000 517.26.5112003 Maglev302022002

10. Metro in Shanghai: Metro in Shanghai: 2.0 Background Information of Shanghai 2.0 Background Information of Shanghai Rail Transit Lines in Shanghai Rail Transit Passenger Trips in Shanghai

11. Survey year and sample size: Survey year and sample size: PassengersResidentTotal 2000475384859 2002466 932 2003300305605 Conducted by the Department of Urban Planning at Tongji University of 40 students and faculty member in the three years 3.0 Study Methodology 3.0 Study Methodology

12. Interview: passengers and residents : Interview: passengers and residents : passengers waiting for the train passengers waiting for the train residents within the buffer zone residents within the buffer zone Trip purpose Trip Modes Changes in Trip Times Changes in Trip Times Frequency of downtown visit Frequency of downtown visit Opinion: facility, service, connecting transport Opinion: facility, service, connecting transport 3.0 Study Methodology 3.0 Study Methodology

13. Functional composition: Functional composition: Create two buffer zones around each of the rail stationCreate two buffer zones around each of the rail station Compare shares of each type of land use between the two buffersCompare shares of each type of land use between the two buffers Studies land use for between the 0-500 meter buffer and the 500-1,000-meter buffer for suburban stations.Studies land use for between the 0-500 meter buffer and the 500-1,000-meter buffer for suburban stations. Development intensity: Development intensity: compare in 200-500 and 500-1000 meters in peripherycompare in 200-500 and 500-1000 meters in periphery density in low(FAR 2.5)density in low(FAR 2.5) 3.0 Study Methodology: Field survey: 3.0 Study Methodology: Field survey:

14. 3.0 Study Methodology 3.0 Study Methodology

15. Year WorkSchool Personal BusinessShoppingRecreationalOther 2000 20.4%6.58%3.29%26.75%30.5% 12.5% 200224.6%3.8%4.7%33.9%17.4%15.6% 2003 36.5%5.2%10.9%28.6%9.4% 1 influence on trip making characteristics in Shanghai1 influence on trip making characteristics in Shanghai 4.0 Study Results: 4.0 Study Results: Trip purpose: rail transit is mostly used for work commute In 2000 less developed service in suburban,more travel for recreation

16. 1 influence on trip making characteristics in Shanghai1 influence on trip making characteristics in Shanghai 4.0 Study Results: 4.0 Study Results:

17. 1 influence on trip making characteristics in Shanghai1 influence on trip making characteristics in Shanghai 4.0 Study Results: 4.0 Study Results: Year 2002

18. 4.0 Study Results: 4.0 Study Results: Trip Modes WalkBicycle Powered Bicycle Motor cycleBusCarMetroOther Before Metro Opening 11.45%14.48%4.04%1.68%63.30%2.36%02.70% Current 9.42%14.86%3.26%0.36%17.39%1.45%52.90%0.36% Big shift from bus to metro. Less passenger in 2000 due to: fare too high. fare too high. not direct link to destinations not direct link to destinations inconvenient for transfers inconvenient for transfers 1 influence on trip making characteristics in Shanghai1 influence on trip making characteristics in Shanghai

19. Changes in Trip Times 2002 Interview Trip Time (min.) 〈 =5 6~1516~3031~6061~120 〉 120 Before Rail4.60%11.90%20.10%33.30%20.10%10.00% Now8.30%29.20%37.10%19.20%5.10%1.10% 2003 Interview ≤5 6 ～ 1516 ～ 3031 ～ 6061 ～ 120 >120 Before Rail5.65%16.96%18.70%38.26%18.26%2.17% Now4.94%23.77%40.12%24.38%4.32%2.47% 4.0 Study Results: 4.0 Study Results: Increase in less than 30 minutes proportions Decrease in longer time proportions 1 influence on trip making characteristics in Shanghai1 influence on trip making characteristics in Shanghai

20. Frequency of downtown visit 4.0 Study Results: 4.0 Study Results: Quite frequent to visit downtown for the vitality of city center Daily Every 2- 3 Day Once a Week 2-3 Times per Week Once a Month Someti mesRarely Year 2002 Before10.00%9.70%13.90%15.10%17.40%27.00%6.90%100.00% After15.60%13.20%15.60%16.10%15.80%16.70%7.00%100.00% Year 2003 Before8.95%13.23%12.45%10.12%15.17%31.91%8.17%100.00% After12.18%16.67%14.74%19.55%16.67%14.10%6.09%100.00% 1 influence on trip making characteristics in Shanghai1 influence on trip making characteristics in Shanghai

21. 4.0 Study Results: 4.0 Study Results:

22. 2 Land use near the station2 Land use near the station Land Use Composition : Land Use Composition : ResidentialOfficeCommer. Other public Industrial /Warehouse Green SpaceTransp. VacantTotal Metro Line-1 Inner Buffer24.53.024.08.1 0.9 16.718.8 4100 Outer Buffer36.64.816.37.4 2.2 11.816.0 4.9100 Differences+12.1+1.8-7.7-0.7 +1.3 -4.9-2.8 Metro Line-2 Inner Buffer26.46.318.15.5 0.5 15.922.4 4.9100 Outer Buffer35.34.215.57.0 3.2 14.214.4 6.2100 Differences+8.9-2.1-2.61+1.5 +2.7 -1.7-8.0 Metro Line-3 Inner Buffer25.72.810.73.5 8.6 7.738.6 2.4100 Outer Buffer45.12.08.99.2 8.7 3.520.2 2.4100 Differences+19.4-0.8-1.8+5.7 +0.1 -4.2-18.4 land use compositions in 0-200 vs. 200-500 buffer

23. 4.0 Study Results: 4.0 Study Results: Resident ialOffice Commer -cial Other public uses Industrial /Warehous e Green SpaceTransp.VacantTotal 500-meter 42.00 %1.60%8.90%5.30%3.80%14.80%20.30%3.30% 100% 1000-meter 49.90 %0.90%5.30%5.40%10.40%12.20%11.70%4.30% 100% Land use composition in suburban stations of Metro Line-1, Shanghai 2 Land use near the station2 Land use near the station Land Use Composition : Land Use Composition :

24. 4.0 Study Results: 4.0 Study Results: Land use near the station:Land use near the station:

25. 4.0 Study Results: 4.0 Study Results: Metro Line FAR<1FAR=1-2.5FAR>2.5 Metro Line-1 Inner Buffer29.422.945.7 Outer Buffer26.535.435.6 Differences-2.9+12.5-10.16 Metro Line-2 Inner Buffer42.934.222.9 Outer Buffer37.541.920.6 Differences-5.4+7.6-2.28 Metro Line-3 Inner Buffer48.130.015.3 Outer Buffer42.840.117.1 Differences-5.3+10.1+1.8 Comparison of development intensity between 0-200 and 200-500 buffer zones in Shanghai 2 Land use near the station2 Land use near the station Land Development Intensity : Land Development Intensity :

26. 4.0 Study Results: 4.0 Study Results: compare the land uses between 2000 and 2003 for Xinzhuang Station: more commercial and office uses replaced residential uses in areas closer to the station 2 Land use near the station2 Land use near the station Land Development Intensity : Land Development Intensity :

27. 4.0 Study Results: 4.0 Study Results: Development intensity among three metro lines in Shanghai MetroFAR<1FAR=1-2.5FAR>2.5 L-126.933.437.2 L-238.440.621 L-343.638.516.8 Line-1 is more intense than Line-2 Line-2 is more intense than Line-3 2 Land use near the station2 Land use near the station Land Development Intensity : Land Development Intensity :

28. 4.0 Study Results: 4.0 Study Results: Change in Housing Prices Sun Yat-sen Park Station Jiang wan Zhen Station, the North terminal of Line-3

29. 4.0 Study Results: 4.0 Study Results: 3 The case of Sun Yat-sen Park Station3 The case of Sun Yat-sen Park Station Interchange of line-1 and line-2 Interchange of line-1 and line-2 320 thousand residents In an area of 1.5 kilometers in radius 918 thousand residents In an area of 3.0 kilometers in radius

30. 4.0 Study Results: 4.0 Study Results: 3 The case of Sun Yat-sen Park Station3 The case of Sun Yat-sen Park Station land use land use site: part of Shanghai Steel and Iron Company Unit-3. site: part of Shanghai Steel and Iron Company Unit-3.

31. 4.0 Study Results: 4.0 Study Results: 3 The case of Sun Yat-sen Park Station3 The case of Sun Yat-sen Park Station Dream of Dragon project: Dream of Dragon project:

32. 4.0 Study Results: 4.0 Study Results: 3 The case of Sun Yat-sen Park Station3 The case of Sun Yat-sen Park Station Planning concept of evolution: Planning concept of evolution: Follow Japan and Hongkong, take the advantage of the metro interchange Follow Japan and Hongkong, take the advantage of the metro interchange relocate the Park Station of Line-2 500 meter west. relocate the Park Station of Line-2 500 meter west. three facilities on the site three facilities on the site attracted interests from many developers. attracted interests from many developers. Shanghai Changfeng Inc. won the project Shanghai Changfeng Inc. won the project Dream of Dragon project: Dream of Dragon project: investment: US$366 millions investment: US$366 millions construction started in June 2002 construction started in June 2002, part open in December 2005 floor space area :320 thousand square meters 25 thousand sqm for office use 25 thousand sqm for office use 5-star hotel with 780 guest rooms. 5-star hotel with 780 guest rooms. 200 thousand square meters Shopping center 200 thousand square meters Shopping center

33. 4.0 Study Results: 4.0 Study Results: 3 The case of Sun Yat-sen Park Station3 The case of Sun Yat-sen Park Station

34. 4.0 Study Results: 4.0 Study Results: 3 The case of Sun Yat-sen Park Station3 The case of Sun Yat-sen Park Station Dream of Dragon project:Dream of Dragon project: transport connection transport connection 1000-square meter lobby to the station 1000-square meter lobby to the station 1500-sqm transfer area for taxi and bus 1500-sqm transfer area for taxi and bus 45-meter long skyway connect with line-3 45-meter long skyway connect with line-3 750 parking spaces for cars. 750 parking spaces for cars. Key elements: Key elements: willingness of various stakeholders willingness of various stakeholders institutional supports, FAR bonus institutional supports, FAR bonus More terminal complex TODMore terminal complex TOD Lot Size (m2) Planned FAR Public Space Bonus (m2) Building Area (m2) Actual FAR Vehicle Parking (Spaces) Bicycle Parking (m2) Green Space (%) 258996.7347052082288.04900280321

35. First Phase Opening: December Last Year Not So Success Yet

36. Hinterland Area Double Modal Split: 70% by Public Transport Metro Double the Visitor Surveyed in August 2005

37. 5.0 Conclusion: 5.0 Conclusion: Rail transit in Shanghai does change the trip making characteristics of those living near the stations Rail transit in Shanghai does change the trip making characteristics of those living near the stations Changes in land use patterns associated with the rail transit are also consistent with the urban economics theory: Changes in land use patterns associated with the rail transit are also consistent with the urban economics theory: Rail transit does affect land use in areas where the system goes in Shanghai Rail transit does affect land use in areas where the system goes in Shanghai

38. 5.0 Conclusion: (con ’ t) 5.0 Conclusion: (con ’ t) The private sector is playing an increasingly important role in China ’ s transportation planning and land use decisionsThe private sector is playing an increasingly important role in China ’ s transportation planning and land use decisions City wide transport strategy is critical to guarantee the relative accessibility City wide transport strategy is critical to guarantee the relative accessibility The influence range of a station is far beyond the 5 minutes, so connecting transport is very important to be concerned. The influence range of a station is far beyond the 5 minutes, so connecting transport is very important to be concerned.