1. Chapter 6 Systems Development Steps, Tools, and Techniques
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2. Presentation Overview
Seven Phases In The Systems Development Life Cycle
Knowledge Workers and Their Roles In The Systems Development Life Cycle
Why Systems Fail
Selfsourcing
Outsourcing
Prototyping
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3. Opening Case Study Building The Unbelievable – The Hoberman Arch
Many information systems are developed and brought to life by following the systems development life cycle.
Why is knowledge worker involvement in each phase of the SDLC critical for successful system development?
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4. Management Information Systems for the Information Age
Introduction
Systems development life cycle (SDLC) - a structured step-by-step approach for developing information systems.
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5. Seven Phases in the SDLC Phase 1: Plan
Define the system to be developed.
Set the project scope.
Develop the project plan including tasks, resources, and timeframes.
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6. Seven Phases in the SDLC Phase 1: Plan
Planning phase - involves determining a solid plan for developing your information system.
Critical success factor (CSF) - a factor simply critical to your organization’s success.
Project scope - clearly defines the high-level system requirements.
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7. Seven Phases in the SDLC Phase 1: Plan
Project scope document - a written definition of the project scope and is usually no longer than a paragraph.
Project plan - defines the what, when, and who questions of system development including all activities to be performed, the individuals, or resources, who will perform the activities, and the time required to complete each activity.
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8. Seven Phases in the SDLC Phase 1: Plan
Project milestones - represent key dates for which you need a certain group of activities performed.
Project manager - an individual who is an expert in project planning and management, defines and develops the project plan and tracks the plan to ensure all key project milestones are completed on time.
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9. Seven Phases in the SDLC Phase 2: Analysis
Gather the business requirements for the system.
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10. Seven Phases in the SDLC Phase 2: Analysis
Analysis phase - involves end users and IT specialists working together to gather, understand, and document the business requirements for the proposed system.
Business requirements - the detailed set of knowledge worker requests that the system must meet in order to be successful.
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11. Seven Phases in the SDLC Phase 2: Analysis
Joint application development (JAD) - knowledge workers and IT specialists meet, sometimes for several days, to define or review the business requirements for the system.
Requirements definition document – prioritizes the business requirements and places them in a formal comprehensive document.
Sign-off - the knowledge workers’ actual signatures indicating they approve all of the business requirements.
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12. Seven Phases in the SDLC Phase 3: Design
Design the technical architecture required to support the system.
Design system models.
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13. Seven Phases in the SDLC Phase 3: Design
Design phase - build a technical blueprint of how the proposed system will work.
Technical architecture - defines the hardware, software, and telecommunications equipment required to run the system.
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14. Seven Phases in the SDLC Phase 3: Design
Modeling - the activity of drawing a graphical representation of a design.
Graphical user interface (GUI) - the interface to an information system.
GUI screen design - the ability to model the information system screens for an entire system.
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15. Seven Phases in the SDLC Phase 3: Design
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16. Seven Phases in the SDLC Phase 4: Development
Build the technical architecture.
Build the database and programs.
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17. Seven Phases in the SDLC Phase 4: Development
Development phase - take all of your detailed design documents from the design phase and transform them into an actual system.
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18. Seven Phases in the SDLC Phase 5: Test
Write the test conditions.
Perform the testing of the system.
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19. Seven Phases in the SDLC Phase 5: Test
Testing phase - verifies that the system works and meets all of the business requirements defined in the analysis phase.
Test conditions - the detailed steps the system must perform along with the expected results of each step.
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20. Seven Phases in the SDLC Phase 6: Implement
Write detailed user documentation.
Provide training for the system users.
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21. Seven Phases in the SDLC Phase 6: Implement
Implementation phase - distribute the system to all of the knowledge workers and they begin using the system to perform their everyday jobs.
User documentation - highlights how to use the system.
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22. Seven Phases in the SDLC Phase 6: Implement
Online training - runs over the Internet or off a CD-ROM.
Workshop training - is held in a classroom environment and lead by an instructor.
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23. Seven Phases in the SDLC Phase 7: Maintain
Build a help desk to support the system users.
Provide an environment to support system changes.
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24. Seven Phases in the SDLC Phase 7: Maintain
Maintenance phase - monitor and support the new system to ensure it continues to meet the business goals.
Help desk - a group of people who responds to knowledge workers’ questions.
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25. Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLC
Your participation in the systems development process is vitally important because you are (or will be) a:
Business process expert
Liaison to the customer
Quality control analyst
Manager of other people
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26. Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLC Plan
Define which systems are to be developed.
Define the project scope, project plan, and project milestones.
Allocate individuals to work on the different activities.
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27. Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLC Analysis
Review all business requirements.
It’s far cheaper to find an error during the planning or analysis phase than it is to find the same error during the implementation or maintenance phase.
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28. Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLC Analysis
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29. Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLC Design
IT specialists perform most of the activities during the design phase.
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30. Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLC Develop
Confirm any changes to business requirements.
Track the progress of tasks on the project plan to ensure timely delivery of the system.
IT specialists complete many of the activities in the development phase.
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31. Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLC Test
Review the test conditions to ensure the IT specialists have tested all of the system functionality and that every single test condition has passed.
User acceptance testing (UAT) - determines if the system satisfies the business requirements and enables the knowledge workers to perform their jobs correctly.
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32. Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLC Implement
Attend training.
Ensure all of the knowledge workers have the required training in order to use the system correctly.
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33. Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLC Maintain
Ensure all of the knowledge workers have the support they require in order to use the system.
Develop a help desk.
Develop change request forms for your users to fill out if they require a change to the system.
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34. Management Information Systems for the Information Age
Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLC IT Specialists and Knowledge Workers Working Together
Team Work
Your Responsibilities During
Each Phase of the
Systems Development Life Cycle
(p. 298)
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35. Management Information Systems for the Information Age
Why Systems Fail
20% of systems are successful, 80% of systems fail.
Five primary reasons why systems fail include:
Unclear or missing requirements
Skipping SDLC phases
Failure to manage project scope
Failure to manage project plan
Changing technology
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36. Why Systems Fail Unclear or Missing Requirements
The business requirements drive the entire system.
If they are not accurate or complete there is no way the system will be successful.
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37. Why Systems Fail Skipping SDLC Phases
The first thing individuals tend to do when a project falls behind schedule is to start skipping phases in the SDLC.
Skipping any of the phases is sure to lead to system failure.
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38. Why Systems Fail Failure To Manage Project Scope
The project manager must track the status of each activity and adjust the project plan if a activity is added or taking longer than expected.
Scope creep - occurs when the scope of the project increases.
Feature creep - occurs when developers add extra features that were not part of the initial requirements.
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39. Why Systems Fail Failure To Manage Project Plan
The project plan is the road map you follow during the development of the system.
Developing the initial project plan is the easy.
Managing, revising, and updating the project plan is the hard part.
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40. Why Systems Fail Changing Technology
Technology changes so fast that it’s almost impossible to deliver an information system without feeling the pain of changing technology.
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41. Management Information Systems for the Information Age
Insourcing
Three choices for building a system include:
IT specialists within your organization - Insourcing
Knowledge workers such as yourself – Selfsourcing
Another organization – Outsourcing
Insourcing - IT specialists within your organization will develop the system.
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42. Management Information Systems for the Information Age
Selfsourcing
On Your Own
How Have
You Selfsourced?
(p. 303)
Selfsourcing (also called knowledge worker development or end user development) - the development and support of IT systems by knowledge workers with little or no help from IT specialists.
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43. Selfsourcing The Selfsourcing Process
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44. Selfsourcing The Advantages of Selfsourcing
Improves requirements determination.
Increases knowledge worker participation and sense of ownership.
Increases speed of systems development.
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45. Selfsourcing Potential Pitfalls and Risks of Selfsourcing
Inadequate knowledge worker expertise leads to inadequately developed systems.
Lack of organizational focus creates “privatized” IT systems.
Insufficient analysis of design alternatives leads to subpar IT systems.
Lack of documentation and external support leads to short-lived systems.
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46. Outsourcing Developing Strategic Partnerships
Outsourcing - the delegation of specific work to a third party for a specified length of time, at a specified cost, and at a specified level of service.
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47. Outsourcing Developing Strategic Partnerships
IT outsourcing takes on 1 of 4 forms:
Purchasing existing software.
Purchasing existing software and pay the publisher to make certain modifications.
Purchasing existing software and pay the publisher for the right to make modifications yourself.
Outsourcing the development of an entirely new and unique system for which no software exists.
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48. Outsourcing Developing Strategic Partnerships
Team Work
How Many Outsourcing Companies Are There?
(p. 306)
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49. Outsourcing The Outsourcing Process
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50. Outsourcing The Outsourcing Process
Steps of the outsourcing process
Plan
Define project scope
Select a target system
Establish logical requirements
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51. Outsourcing The Outsourcing Process
Develop a request for proposal
Request for proposal (RFP) - a formal document that describes in detail your logical requirements for a proposed system and invites outsourcing organizations to submit bids for its development.
Evaluate request for proposal returns and choose a vendor
Test and accept solution
Monitor and reevaluate
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52. Outsourcing The Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing
Advantages of outsourcing include:
Focus on unique core competencies.
Exploit the intellect of another organization.
Better predict future costs.
Acquire leading-edge technology.
Reduce costs.
Improve performance accountability.
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53. Outsourcing The Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing
Disadvantages of outsourcing include:
Reduces technical know-how for future innovation.
Reduces degree of control.
Increases vulnerability of strategic information.
Increases dependency on other organizations.
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54. Outsourcing The Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing
On Your Own
A Request for Proposal and the
Systems Development Life Cycle
(p. 311)
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55. Management Information Systems for the Information Age
Prototyping
Prototyping - the process of building a model that demonstrates the features of a proposed product, service, or system.
Prototype - a model of a proposed product, service, or system.
Proof-of-concept prototype - used to prove the technical feasibility of a proposed system.
Selling prototype - used to convince people of the worth of a proposed system.
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56. Prototyping The Prototyping Process
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57. Prototyping The Prototyping Process
The prototyping process involves four steps:
Identify basic requirements
Develop initial prototype
Knowledge worker review
Revise and enhance the prototype
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58. Prototyping The Advantages of Prototyping
Encourages active knowledge worker participation. 
Helps resolve discrepancies among knowledge workers. 
Gives knowledge workers a feel for the final system. 
Helps determine technical feasibility.
Helps sell the idea of a proposed system. 
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59. Prototyping The Disadvantages of Prototyping
Leads people to believe the final system will follow shortly.
Gives no indication of performance under operational conditions.
Leads the project team to forgo proper testing and documentation.
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60. Management Information Systems for the Information Age
Closing Case Study One Some Prototypes Hit, Some Miss, and Some We Are Just Not Sure About
There are many hilarious prototypes that failed such as garlic cake and toaster eggs.
How can prototyping help you develop a successful system?
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61. Closing Case Study Two Al’s Barbeque Restaurant
Automating a manual business is an extremely difficult task.
How can the systems development life cycle help you implement a new system?
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62. Summary Student Learning Outcomes
List the seven steps in the systems development life cycle and an associated activity for each step.
List four reasons why your participation during the systems development life cycle is critical.
Describe three of the five reasons why projects fail.
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63. Summary Student Learning Outcomes
Define the three different ways you can staff a system development project.
List two of the three advantages of selfsourcing.
Describe prototyping and profile an example of a prototype.
Describe two of the five advantages of prototyping.
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64. Summary Assignments & Exercises
SDLC and the real world
How creative are you?
Request for proposal
Understanding insourcing
Managing the project plan
Why prototype?
Business requirements
Why projects fail
Construction and the SDLC
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65. Visit the Web to Learn More www.mhhe.com/haag
Using your computer for more than work
Animating your computer screen
Protecting your computer investment
Searching for freeware and shareware
Project planning and project management
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