1. CHEMOTHERAPY ANTIBIOTICS Chemical substances produced by microorganisms and have the capacity to inhibit or destroy other organisms. ANTIBIOTICS Chemical substances produced by microorganisms and have the capacity to inhibit or destroy other organisms. CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT Synthetic chemical substances used to inhibit or destroy microorganisms. Synthetic chemical substances used to inhibit or destroy microorganisms.

2. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIBIOTICS ACCORDING TO MECHANISM OF ACTION !INHIBITION OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS. !INHIBITION OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS. INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. INHIBITION OF NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS. INHIBITION OF NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS. INHIBITION OF CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTIONS. INHIBITION OF CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTIONS.

3. According to spectrum 1- Narrow spectrum as penicillins,aminoglycosides 1- Narrow spectrum as penicillins,aminoglycosides 2- Broad spectrum as tetracyclines, chloramphenicol 2- Broad spectrum as tetracyclines, chloramphenicol

4. REASONS FOR FAILURE OF CHEMOTHERAPY. 1-WRONG DIAGNOSIS 2-WRONG CHOICE Of DRUG 3-WRONG DOSE 4-DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE 5-INFECTIONS WITH MORE THAN ONE ORGANISM 6-PRESENCE OF PUS,BLOOD,NECROTIC TISSUES. 1-WRONG DIAGNOSIS 2-WRONG CHOICE Of DRUG 3-WRONG DOSE 4-DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE 5-INFECTIONS WITH MORE THAN ONE ORGANISM 6-PRESENCE OF PUS,BLOOD,NECROTIC TISSUES.

5. Host factors in selection of antimicrobial therapy 1-Allergy or history of adverse reactions. 1-Allergy or history of adverse reactions. 2-Age of patient 2-Age of patient 3-Pregnancy 3-Pregnancy 4-Genetic or metabolic abnormalities 5-Renal & hepatic functions 6-Site of infections 7-Concomitant drug therapy 4-Genetic or metabolic abnormalities 5-Renal & hepatic functions 6-Site of infections 7-Concomitant drug therapy 8-Underlying disease state(s) 8-Underlying disease state(s)

6. Failure of Antimicrobial therapy 1-Failure caused by drug selection: 1-Failure caused by drug selection: Inappropriate drug selection or dosage or route of administration. For example: Inappropriate drug selection or dosage or route of administration. For example: Selection of a bacteriostatic drug for endocarditis. Selection of a bacteriostatic drug for endocarditis. administration of a drug by I.M. to a patient with a weak peripheral circulation ( shock). May result inadequate therapy. administration of a drug by I.M. to a patient with a weak peripheral circulation ( shock). May result inadequate therapy. Malabsorption of a drug product because of GIT disease or a drug interaction ( combination of tetracyclines with milk products ). Malabsorption of a drug product because of GIT disease or a drug interaction ( combination of tetracyclines with milk products ). Accelerated drug elimination as in patient with cystic fibrosis or during pregnancy may result in rapid clearance or large volume of distribution resulting in low serum concentrations as with aminoglycosides. Accelerated drug elimination as in patient with cystic fibrosis or during pregnancy may result in rapid clearance or large volume of distribution resulting in low serum concentrations as with aminoglycosides. Inactivation of antimicrobial agents by another drug. Inactivation of antimicrobial agents by another drug. Poor penetration into the site of infection ( c.n.s., eye, prostate). Poor penetration into the site of infection ( c.n.s., eye, prostate).

7. Failure caused by microorganisms(BACTERIAL RESISTANCE ) 1-Inactivation of antibiotics by enzymes. 1-Inactivation of antibiotics by enzymes. 2- Modification of target by mutation. 3-Impaired penetration of drug to target,occurs only in gram-negative species. 4-The presence of an efflux pump produced by gram-negative organisms which consists of cytoplasmic and periplasmic protein components that transport antibiotics from the periplasm back across the outer membrane. 2- Modification of target by mutation. 3-Impaired penetration of drug to target,occurs only in gram-negative species. 4-The presence of an efflux pump produced by gram-negative organisms which consists of cytoplasmic and periplasmic protein components that transport antibiotics from the periplasm back across the outer membrane.

8. ANTIMICROBIAL COMBINATION SYNERGISM !-SEQUENTIAL SYNERGISM 2-INHIBITION OF ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY SYNERGISM !-SEQUENTIAL SYNERGISM 2-INHIBITION OF ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY 3-ENHANCEMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL UP TAKE 3-ENHANCEMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL UP TAKE ANTAGONISM ANTAGONISM

9. Aim of chemotherapeutic combination 1-Broaden the spectrum of antibacterial activity e.g: clindamycin+ gentamycin 1-Broaden the spectrum of antibacterial activity e.g: clindamycin+ gentamycin 2- Reduce the doses 2- Reduce the doses 3- Reduce the side effects 3- Reduce the side effects 4- Overcome drug resistance(delay the rate of drug resistance) as in treatment of TB or pseudomonal infections. 4- Overcome drug resistance(delay the rate of drug resistance) as in treatment of TB or pseudomonal infections. 5- Produce a more potent compound 5- Produce a more potent compound (produce a synergistic effect) as in co-trimoxazole combination or as in penicillin with gentamycin in treatment of bacterial endocarditis. (produce a synergistic effect) as in co-trimoxazole combination or as in penicillin with gentamycin in treatment of bacterial endocarditis. 6-Treatment of severe infections of unknownetiology as in septicaemia. 6-Treatment of severe infections of unknownetiology as in septicaemia.

10. Drug interactions with antibiotics 1- Aminoglycosides 1- Aminoglycosides A- Increase the effects of curare A- Increase the effects of curare B- Increase the nephrotoxicity & ototoxicity of loop diuretics B- Increase the nephrotoxicity & ototoxicity of loop diuretics 2- Enzyme inhibitors as chloramphenicol & erythromycin increase the action & toxicity of other drugs as digitalis 2- Enzyme inhibitors as chloramphenicol & erythromycin increase the action & toxicity of other drugs as digitalis 3- Enzyme inducers as rifampicin decrease the action of other drugs as oral anticoagulants or oral contraceptives. 3- Enzyme inducers as rifampicin decrease the action of other drugs as oral anticoagulants or oral contraceptives.

11. Drug interactions 4- Sulphamethoxazole + trimethoprim result in bactericidal effect. 4- Sulphamethoxazole + trimethoprim result in bactericidal effect. Sulphonamides displace oral hypoglycemic from their plasma protein binding causing hypoglycemia Sulphonamides displace oral hypoglycemic from their plasma protein binding causing hypoglycemia