1. Announcements Pick up graded homework (projects, tests still in progress) Transit of Mercury (crossing in front of Sun), this afternoon, roughly noon-5:00. We’ll have telescopes set up at observatory for viewing (weather permitting).

2. Neutron Stars 8 November 2006

3. Today : Final days of a massive star Neutron stars and how they form What we observe: Pulsars

4. Neutron Star Formation When the mass of the iron core exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit it implodes, again converting gravitational energy into thermal energy. As the hot material is crushed to nuclear density, protons and electrons combine to form neutrons. The result is a “neutron star”: a ball of neutrons heavier than our sun, roughly 30 kilometers across (first predicted in 1932). The left-over energy blows the rest of the star outward in a type-II supernova explosion. proton electron neutron neutrino

5. Neutrinos from Supernova 1987a

6. Size of a neutron star

7. The discovery of pulsars (1967) Radio antenna array, near Cambridge, England Jocelyn Bell

8. Pulsars Observed as periodic bursts of radio waves (“static”) Typically about 1 second between bursts, some as fast as 1 millisecond Also faintly visible at other wavelengths A few hundred are now known What are they? Rapidly spinning neutron stars, whose strong magnetic fields accelerate plasma to produce the beam of radio waves

9. The Crab Pulsar (from SN 1054) Blinks on and off 30 times per second X-ray images

10. Deaths of Stars (summary) If less than 10 solar masses, nuclear fusion stops with carbon and oxygen; outer layers are ejected as a planetary nebula; core becomes a white dwarf. If greater than 10 solar masses, nuclear fusion proceeds all the way to iron formation; core collapse results in type-II supernova explosion; end result is (often) a neutron star

11. What is the solar system made of? 74% hydrogen 25% helium 1% everything else (esp. carbon, oxygen, silicon, iron)

12. Where did these heavy elements come from? Elemental abundances are (roughly) what results from supernova explosions: Medium-weight elements (C, N, O,... up to Fe) are produced in fusion reactions before the explosion. Still heavier elements are produced in the explosion itself. We are stardust, We are billion year old carbon. -- Joni Mitchell, 1969