1. Relationships between ideas – 2 & 3  Present tense and not future tense is used in an adverb clause of time: After she graduates, she will get a job.  Adverb clauses to show CAUSE & EFFECT relationships: because, since, now that, as, as long as  To show CAUSE & EFFECT: prepositions (because of, due to); transitions (therefore, consequently); other ways (such that, so that)

2. Relationships between ideas – 2&3  Reduction of adverb clauses to modifying phrases: 1. Omit the subject of the dependent clause and the be form of the verb: (a)Adverb clause: While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend. (b)Modifying phrase: While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

3. Relationships between ideas – 2&3 (2) If there is no be form of a verb, omit the subject and change the verb to –ing. c. Adverb Clause: Before I left for work, I ate breakfast. d. Modifying Phrase: Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast. An adverb clause can be changed to a modifying phrase ONLY WHEN THE SUBJECT OF THE ADVERB CLAUSE AND THE SUBJECT OF THE MAIN CLAUSE ARE THE SAME.