1. Mink Spaans What are the problems that need to be solved What is hard

2. Ottawa, October 22-23 2007Agile Networking in Command and Control2 The Challenge Command and Control must be able to cope with the Complex Environment and the Complex Endeavor in which there are many, dynamically changing and often ill-defined Complex networked relationships between Causes and Influences Actors Relations between actors Objectives Competencies, roles and responsibilities Perspectives Cultures Etc.

3. Ottawa, October 22-23 2007Agile Networking in Command and Control3 The approaches NEC, NCW, NEOPS EBO Comprehensive and Whole of government approach Systemic Operational design Adaptive Campaigning … A number of requirements emerge Must be able to understand the dynamically evolving problem and situation Strategy Language Actors must be Networked The system must be able to learn and adapt …

4. Ottawa, October 22-23 2007Agile Networking in Command and Control4 Agility / Adaptivity CCRP/USA: Agility – 6 dimensions Robustness maintain effectiveness Resilience ability to recover Responsiveness ability to react to change Flexibility ability to do things in multiple ways Innovation ability to do new things or old things new ways Adaptation ability to change work processes and organisation DSTO/Australia: Adaptivity – 4 classes Flexibility Maintain effectiveness across a range of tasks Agility Ability to recognize the need to change strategy and to implement it Resilience Able to sustain loss, damage, setbacks and still maintain effectiveness Responsiveness Able to rapidly identify and deal with fleeting threats and opportunities How do we stimulate these characteristics

5. Ottawa, October 22-23 2007Agile Networking in Command and Control5 C2: A set of interrelated Networks Ìnformation SocialICT Causes and Effects

6. Ottawa, October 22-23 2007Agile Networking in Command and Control6 The Social Network People work in social organized arrangements Formal and informal linkages provide the basis for behavior Richly linked people are better able to develop shared awareness, solve unusual problems, synchronize actions and develop trust New organizational concepts exploit the powers of social networks Yet… there is a huge gap between what we know and need to know about networks to ensure smooth networked C2 (National Research Council 2006) Nevertheless… we believe social networks are essential to accomplish agility/adaptability  requires focal attention (try to achieve coherence)

7. Ottawa, October 22-23 2007Agile Networking in Command and Control7 Social Network Issues in Command and Control Three critical issues Ad hoc networks and rotations make it difficult to mature social networks Geographical distributions create obstacles Cultural differences complicate the development of social networks. Operational commanders considered building Trust, Cohesion and Partnerships with distributed parties as major obstacles to effective command Adaptive Distributed Command Teams Who can do the job (skills, expertise, responsibilities, trust) What are the work processes in progress What is the current situation How to make sure people exchange information How to integrate the processes New decision support approaches necessary Measuring and analysing effects Social Network Analysis Distributed collaboration – briefings, deciding, consulting, advising.

8. Ottawa, October 22-23 2007Agile Networking in Command and Control8 Information Networking Supports the social network Consists of nodes and links (even without a formal representation) Information Management challenges Right information at the right time to the right people in the right format for the right use. Explicit relations between information elements Disclose unstructured information Flexible and adaptive structure Tagging of information/Metadata Information Architecture challenges Interoperability between systems Must support complete spectrum of operations Solution Strategies Develop Communities of interest Develop Domain based approaches …

9. Ottawa, October 22-23 2007Agile Networking in Command and Control9 The ICT Network Supports the information and social network Provides services for interactions and exchange of data Must enable agility of social networks and information networks Criticality is higher than ever before Open and safe

10. Ottawa, October 22-23 2007Agile Networking in Command and Control10 The overall C2 network Transforming to Focus and Convergence? Laissez faire versus extreme control? What’s in between? Must be a learning organization. Coherent Interventions in all networks necessary Coherent Interventions in training, doctrine, organization, etc. necessary Learning and innovation must get a much more prominent place Must learn to define success and failure (!) Don’t look at military C2 in isolation