1. Biodiversity Biodiversity – the diversity of life in all its forms and at all levels of organization. Word first used in print by E.O. Wilson 1986

2. Biodiversity At all levels of organization – usually three: Species Diversity Genetic Diversity Ecosystem Diversity

3. Northern Elephant Seal

4. Southern Elephant Seal - Antarctica

5. Corn and southern leaf blight

7. Traditional Peruvian potato varieties

8. Terrestrial World Biomes

9. Structure and Function Structure of biodiversity – usually the units of biodiversity (genes, species, ecosystems) Function of biodiversity – harder to define but usually refers to what the units do

10. Measuring Biodiversity When discussing biodiversity, most people talk about species diversity which has two components: Species richness - # of species Species evenness (heterogeneity) – proportion of individuals in each species

11. A comparison of species diversity in two communities Community 1 A: 25%B: 25%C: 25%D: 25% Community 2 A: 80%B: 5%C: 5%D: 10% D C B A

12. Global Plant Biodiversity a. Plant species per Ecoregion b. Areas of highest diversity per region c. Quality of data

13. With Biodiversity We Must Consider: Risk of extinction of species Endemism – endemic species are found in a particular geographic area

14. Endemism – Gray Wolf vs. Coyote

15. Wolf Coyote

16. Local Endemic - Morro Bay Kangaroo Rat

17. Home of Morro Bay Kangaroo Rat

18. Kirtland’s warbler

19. Red-winged blackbird

20. Whittaker’s Diversity alpha diversity is diversity within a habitat - such as a jack-pine forest beta diversity is diversity among habitats, usually measured as change from one habitat to another - such as a jack-pine forest and nearby marsh gamma diversity is diversity at a large geographic scale - perhaps all of Michigan or North America

22. Species Diversity

23. What is a Species? Atelopus frog discovered in Suriname, June 2007

24. The Biological Species Concept Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups. - Ernst Mayr Mayr on right – in New Guinea 1928

25. Black Bear – Ursus americanus

26. Brown or Grizzly Bear – Ursus arctos

27. Brown Bear Range

28. Polar Bear – Ursus maritimus

29. Grolar bear – polar bear x grizzly bear hybrid

30. Gray wolf – Canis lupus

31. Coyote – Canis latrans

32. Red wolf – Canis rufus

33. Helianthus - sunflowers

34. Oak Leaves

35. Hybrid Oak Leaf

36. Hawthorns - Crataegus

37. Hawthorns

38. Species are assemblages of individuals with morphological features in common and are separable from other such assemblages by correlated morphological discontinuities in a number of features. - Davis and Heywood Morphological Species Concept

39. Linneaus

40. How many species in genus Rubus? Red raspberry – Rubus strigosus Common blackberry – Rubus fructicosus

41. Red Crossbills – a group of sibling species

42. Red Crossbill types type 4 top, type 2 bottom

43. Gilia tricolorGilia angelensis Sibling species in Gilia

44. Polytypic species – Song sparrows

45. Paraspecies (asexual) - yeast

46. Extinct species - Paraceratherium

47. Phylogenetic species concept Species are determined by whether they are reproductively and geographically isolated from each other - thus they are considered to have branched apart - this would result in more species than we recognize today as any separated populations which do not exchange individuals would be considered to be isolated and thus separate lineages

48. Florida scrub jayWestern scrub jay

54. Terry Erwin fogging insects

56. Box corer for sampling the deep ocean

57. Using a box corer

58. Soil bacteria diversity – in a nutrient enrichment experiment

59. Seven kinds of rarity From Deborah Rabinowitz

60. Pigweed – widespread, truly common

61. Red Mangrove – rare – large range, narrow habitat, large populations

62. Pygmy Cypress – rare – small range, wide habitat, large populations

63. Haleakala silver sword – rare – small range, narrow habitat, large population

64. Beach tiger beetle – rare – small range, narrow habitat, large population

65. Bristle grass – rare – large range, wide habitat, small populations

66. Peregrine Falcon – rare – large range, wide habitat, small populations

67. Pacific Yew – rare – large range, narrow habitat, small populations

68. Osprey – rare – large range, narrow habitat, small populations

69. Malaysian tapir– rare – small range, wide habitat, small populations

70. Alpine Lily - rare – small range, narrow habitat, small populations

71. Giant Panda - rare – small range, narrow habitat, small populations