1. GOING UP? www.msinnovation.info

2. Riding on a Beam of Light SPACE ELEVATORS & the Nanotechnology Revolution ! Mr. Rhyne GOING UP?

3. What do you know about space travel? How far have humans traveled into space? What do we currently use to get into space? What are dangers of traveling to space? What could change to allow more people to travel into space?

4. How we use Space now… Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Space shuttle & Space Station Space shuttle & Space Station 124-1240 miles 124-1240 miles 17,500 mph to maintain LEO 17,500 mph to maintain LEO Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) GPS satellites GPS satellites 1,243 – 22,236 miles 1,243 – 22,236 miles Geostationary Orbit (GEO) Geostationary Orbit (GEO) Communications & TV satellites Communications & TV satellites Directly above equator at 22,240 miles Directly above equator at 22,240 miles 6,876 mph 6,876 mph

5. Today’s science fiction… is tomorrow’s truth!

6. Space Elevators, the future exploration? CNN 2005 CNN 2005 CNN 2005 CNN 2005

7. SPACE ELEVATOR CONCEPT START WITH A PLATFORM IN THE OCEAN Designs by LiftPort Group at http://www.liftport.com Petroleum Industry already uses these!

8. ATTACH PLATFORM TO COUNTERWEIGHT IN SPACE (think tether ball) 62,000 MILES 19169 mph

9. CARRY CARGO IN VEHICLES (LIFTERS) ATTACHED TO RIBBON Designs by LiftPort Group at http://www.liftport.com 125 mph

10. Laser Challenge! Goal: To hold a laser beam steadily in a bulls eye target as long as possible. Limitations: Use one arm only Hold arm straight (no bent elbow). Safety Do not turn on laser until directed. Never point laser at another person.

11. Laser Challenge Results

12. The Biggest Challenges… Efficient lifters Efficient lifters Powerful laser Powerful laser Photovoltaic cells Photovoltaic cells Strong, lightweight ribbon Strong, lightweight ribbon NANOTECHNOLOGY! How will they do it?

13. What is nanotechnology? 1. 1 item (usually 2 to 3) is 1 – 100 nm in size. 2. Substances behave differently at the nanoscale! differently at the nanoscale! 3. Control or manipulate at the nano scale. at the nano scale.

14. Nanotechnology Innovations Health Care MaterialsEnergy Medical devices that target specific cancer cells! Much more efficient and flexible solar cells Nanotubes stonger and lighter than steel

15. How small is a nanometer? Let’s compare it to something we know… Let’s compare it to something we know… A meter What is the smallest measurement you can make using a ruler? What is the smallest measurement you can make using a ruler? 1mm=.001m=1x10 -3 m 1mm=.001m=1x10 -3 m Why do we use metric measurements? Why do we use metric measurements?

16. Measured in wavelenghts Measured in wavelenghts Behaves differently at different wavelengths Behaves differently at different wavelengths The Electromagnetic Spectrum

17. 10 -7 = 0.0000001 = 100 nm Visible Light Spectrum Influenza Virus Nanoscale =100nm to 1nm

18. 10 -9 = 0.000000001 = 1 nm X-ray

19. Appearances May Deceive Optical properties vary at the nanoscale. Optical properties vary at the nanoscale. Image source: L. R. Hirsch, R. J.Stafford, J. A. Bankson, S. R. Sershen, B. Rivera, R. E. Price, J. D. Hazle, N. J. Halas, & J. L. West, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 13549- 13554 (2003). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA

20. AAAA MMMM AAAA ZZZZ IIII NNNN GGGG L L L L IIII GGGG HHHH TTTT !!!!What You See is MUCH LESS Than What You Get

21. What is Light? Light is energy Light is energy Travels in waves Travels in waves Energy determined by wavelength and frequency Energy determined by wavelength and frequency Travels at a constant speed in a vacuum Travels at a constant speed in a vacuum c = 2.9979 x 10 8 m/s c = 2.9979 x 10 8 m/s E = mc 2 E = mc 2 Slower speed when travelling through matter Slower speed when travelling through matter http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/YBA/M31-velocity/doppler-shift-derive-2.html

22. Dual Nature of Light Light is also photons (particles) Light is also photons (particles) Zero mass and zero rest energy Zero mass and zero rest energy Can be destroyed and created Can be destroyed and created Can have particle-like interactions with matter Can have particle-like interactions with matter

23. Electromagnetic (light) energy emitted by objects Electromagnetic (light) energy emitted by objects Only small part visible to humans Only small part visible to humans Energy directly related to frequency and inversely related to wavelength Energy directly related to frequency and inversely related to wavelength Very high energy light harmful to humans Very high energy light harmful to humans Image from Hershel Space Observatory

24. Electricity and Magnetism Magnetism and electricity move together in the EM spectrum. Magnetism and electricity move together in the EM spectrum. Diagram from Schneider, Remote Sensing and the Global Environment, http://www.geo.mtu.edu/rs/back/spectrum /

25. Monochromacity Monochromacity One wavelength One wavelength Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) Copyright European XFEL

26. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) Directionality Directionality Small diffraction Small diffraction Relatively constant beam width Relatively constant beam width Copyright European XFEL

27. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) Coherence Coherence Waves overlap Waves overlap http://perg.phys.ksu.edu/vqm/laserweb/Ch-1/F1s2t3p2.htm

28. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) Result: Result: Much more powerful than incandescent light beam Much more powerful than incandescent light beampowerful Can be sent over great distances. Can be sent over great distances.

29. Laser Activity

30. Laser Safety Never aim lasers into eyes Never aim lasers into eyes Aim beam low or high—never at eye level Aim beam low or high—never at eye level Keep laser beam within your lab station Keep laser beam within your lab station Block with books or other dull object Block with books or other dull object

31. Absorbing and Refracting Lasers Red filter Red filter Blue filter Blue filter Green filter Green filter Clear filter (diffraction gradient) Clear filter (diffraction gradient) Polarizing filter Polarizing filter

32. Refracting Lasers in Water Place container of water on paper. Place container of water on paper. Hold two lasers parallel to table and each other about six inches from box. Hold two lasers parallel to table and each other about six inches from box. Aim lasers at a 20 degree angle and shine through water. Aim lasers at a 20 degree angle and shine through water. Trace lines on paper showing angle of light entering, passing through and exiting container. Trace lines on paper showing angle of light entering, passing through and exiting container.

33. Refracting Lasers in Water

34. Speed of Light in Water A B D E F G H J I C

35. Speed of Light in water Vwater = Vair X JB Vwater = Vair X JB FI FI

36. CONSTRUCTING THE SPACE ELEVATOR Launch a rocket carrying a thin ribbon on a reel. Launch a rocket carrying a thin ribbon on a reel. Deploy ribbon back to Earth and extend 62,000 miles using a booster rocket. Deploy ribbon back to Earth and extend 62,000 miles using a booster rocket. Robotic lifters attach additional strands to strengthen ribbon. Robotic lifters attach additional strands to strengthen ribbon.

37. How would the space elevator change the way we live? Multiple space elevators revolutionize space transportation and the world economy. Travel to and from geostationary orbit becomes a daily event. Space elevator propels interplanetary travel. Commercial rockets become obsolete.

38. What challenges would we face in trying to maintain the space elevator? Weather (hurricanes) Space debris Terrorists Politics and finite resources Estimate $6 – 15 BILLION

39. Is it really possible? Perhaps it’s not science fiction! Perhaps it’s not science fiction! 3 years and 230 climbers later first elevator is completed 3 years and 230 climbers later first elevator is completed Target date 2031 Target date 2031 Use first elevator to carry materials for subsequent elevators Use first elevator to carry materials for subsequent elevators Nanotechnology making space elevator “possible” (many doubters) Nanotechnology making space elevator “possible” (many doubters) NASA competition NASA competition NASA competition NASA competition $4 million competition to build prototypes $4 million competition to build prototypes

40. 2008 Spaceward Games http://www.spaceward.org/index.html 2008 Competition Site Goal: Climb a 1 km ribbon First laser powered climbers 1 km ribbon compared to Meteor Crater, Arizona