1. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 1 SPIN-OFFS OF NUCLEAR AND SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS Ugo Amaldi University of Milano Bicocca and TERA Foundation

2. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 2 METHODSTECHNOLOGIES USABLE KNOWLEDGE PEOPLE SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

3. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 3 1. USABLE KNOWLEDGE (1) antiproton 18 th May 1999 - NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntville : "We are experimenting with laser propulsion and antimatter as viable options for space travels". (2)  -induced (p+d) fission L. Alvarez: "For a few days we thought we had solved all the fuel problems of mankind for the rest of time“ (1956). time to applicationexample X-rays0.2 years nuclear fission positron antiproton (1) > 50 years  -induced fusion (2)  (?) 3 years 50 years

4. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 4 Computer Tomography

5. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 5

6. 6 1. 1 Standard Model based Applications "Neutrino explorations of the earth" - 1983 A. de Rújula, S.L. Glashow, R.R. Wilson and G. Charpak. GEOTRON = 10 TeV protonsynchrotron GENIUS = Geological Explorations By Neutrino-Induced Underground Sounds GEMINI = Geological Exploration by Muons Induced by Neutrino Interactions GEOSCAN = Scanner for Measuring the density profile of the Earth

7. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 7 1. 2 Energy Production linked to Physics beyond the SM “Monopole catalysed proton decay” “Non-topological stable solutions with a global baryon number” “Long-lived charged particles which could catalyse fusion”

8. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 8 2. PEOPLE Scientists and engineers are interesting to other fields of science and to companies because of ·analytical thought and systematic approach ·experience in designing and carrying out complex projects ·habit of documenting and presenting own work ·experience in working in international teams at the edge of knowledge ·their knowledge Three groups of people ·Students ·Senior scientists

9. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 9 2. 1 Students · In the USA and in Europe students have different attitudes towards creating their own company University of San Diego 92 % want it Switzerland 8% want it · States supporting technological theses at CERN Austria, France, Israel, Italy, Japan, Spain, Sweden · 300 PhD experimental theses/year based on CERN data A large fraction goes to industry - DELPHI enquiry

10. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 10 DIPLOMA AND PhD STUDENTS AT THE DELPHI COLLABORATION –CERN/1 [T. Camporesi]

11. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 11 DIPLOMA AND PhD STUDENTS AT THE DELPHI COLLABORATION –CERN/2 [T. Camporesi]

12. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 12 2. 2 Senior Scientists  I. ten Have, PHILIPS product manager for medical imaging: "After working as CERN staff for a number of years, the word impossible is no longer part of your vocabulary".  CERN policy : “In 1999 the Finance Committee adopted the policy proposed by the new Management (protection of intellectual property and education to young scientists). The new measures will encourage the establishment of firms in Member States by young scientists leaving the Laboratory at the end of their first employment".  Examples: Hendrick CASIMIR Richard GARWIN Carlo RUBBIA

13. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 13 3. METHODS Better technologies and better methods (always mixed) are continuously required In subnuclear physics Heisenberg indetermination: cross-sections decrease as 1/E 2 Luminosities and data acquisition rates have to increase with less EUROS/GeV More spin-offs to society

14. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 14 WWW = Internet + Hypertext Montecarlo Simulations of complex processes X-ray treatment planning Handling of large amount of data Large-Hadron-Collider-Computing Grid = LCG

15. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 15 4. TECHNOLOGIES 4. 1 Spin-offs of a particular technology electromechanical engineering mechanical engineering material science RF and microwave engineering geodesy superconductivity cryogenic technologies ultra high vacuum radiation detection electronics computer systems data networks

16. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 16 THIN FILM COATINGS ACTING AS A NON-EVAPORABLE GETTER NEG = Non Evaporable Getters LEP SC cavities Ultra-high vacuum C. Benvenuti EPS – IGA award, 1998

17. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 17 Collimation system Detection system Acquisition boards: RS232, DAQ board GaAs: 64 x 64 pixels of 170 x 170  m 2 by MEDIPIX Coll. (A. Stefanini et al) with AMS, LABEN,CAEN. GILARDONI, Pol.HI.TECH radiation detectors Integrated Mammography Imaging =IMI

18. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 18 4. 2 Spin-offs of integrated systems Synchrotron radiation sources X-ray FEL Neutron Sources Ion sources for implantation Accelerators for sterilisation Accelerators for art applications Accelerators for isotope production Inertial fusion by bombardement of pellets Waste incineration Production of medical isotopes Radiotherapy with X-rays Hadrontherapy

19. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 19 Electron beam energy : 15 - 50 GeV frequency :5 hz bunch charge : 1 nC bunch length :80 fs macro bunch : 11315 bunches X-ray FEL DESY Hamburg

20. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 20 EHPi-500 5 - 260 keV (X+)DC Tandetron accelerator Ion sources for implantation VARIAN SEMICONDUCTOR EQUIPMENT

21. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 21 Accelerators for sterilisation IBA RHODOTRON Rhodotron by Ion Beam Applications (IBA)

22. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 22 Accelerators for art applications

23. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 23 AccSys PULSAR: 7 MeV protons Accelerators for isotope production EBCO30: 30 MeV protons up to 2 mA

24. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 24 ADVANTAGES OF 67 Cu produced by 68 Zn (p, 2p) 67 Cu with 72 MeV protons: 0.185 MeV  emission for imaging 0.57 MeV ß emission for therapy (max range = 2.2 mm ; mean = 0.2 mm) T ½ phys = 2.6 days Matched pair with the PET nuclide 64 Cu Accelerators for isotope production / 3 Tumour targetting with ß- emitters (B. Novak, PSI + M. Bishop/A. Parkers, Nottingham)

25. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 25 Waste incineration Adiabatic Resonance Crossing

26. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 26 Conformal radiotherapy with X-rays

27. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 27 Hadrontherapy

28. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 28 IMRT vs protons Between the eyes Abdomen Brain

29. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 29 Potential patients X-ray therapy (photons of 5 – 20 MeV) 20'000 pts/year every 10 million inhabitants Protontherapy Category A: 1% of X-ray patients = 200 pts/year every 10 M Category B: 10% of X-ray patients = 2'000 pts/year every 10 M Therapy with Carbon ions for radioresistant tumours 10% of X-ray patients = 2'000 pts/year every 10 M

30. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 30 Hadrontherapy in the world M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston (TX) (2004) protons (  235 MeV) from cyclotron 3 gantries + 1 fixed beam + 1 experimental Midwest Proton Radiaton Institute Bloomington (IN) (2003) protons (  210 MeV) from cyclotron 1 gantry + 1 fixed beam + 1 experimental LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY CENTER Los Angeles (1992) protons (  250 MeV) from synchrotron 3 gantries + 2 fixed beams NORTHEAST PROTON THERAPY CENTER NPTC of Mas General Hospital Boston (2001) protons (  235 MeV) cyclotron (IBA) 2 gantries + 2 fixed beams

31. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 31 Hadrontherapy in the world KASHIWA CENTER Chiba (1998) protons (  235 MeV) cyclotron (IBA – SHI) 2 Gantries + 1 hor. beam HYOGO MED CENTRE Hyogo (2001) protons (  230 MeV) - He and C ions (  320 MeV/u) Mitsubishi synchrotron 2 p gantries + 2 fixed p beam + 2 ion rooms TSUKUBA CENTRE Ibaraki (2001) protons (  270 MeV) synchrotron (Hitachi) 2 gantries 2 beam for research WAKASA BAY PROJECT by Wakasa-Bay Energy Research Center Fukui (2002) protons (  200 MeV) synchrotron (Hitachi) 1 h beam + 1 v beam + 1 gantry SHIZUOKA FACILITY Shizuoka (2002) protons cyclotron or synchrotron 2 gantries + 1 h beam HEAVY ION MEDICAL ACCELERATOR HIMAC of NIRS (1995) He and C (  430 MeV/u) 2 synchrotrons 2 h beams + 2 v beams

32. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 32 PIMMS (Proton-Ions Medical Machine Study) Period: 1996-1999 CERN-GSI-MedAUSTRON- Oncology2000-TERA PL: P. Bryant (CERN+experts) TERA: 25 man  yrs MedA.: 10 man  yrs O2000: 3 man  yrs GSI: experts advices Objective: define the optimal hadrontherapy centre without constraints

33. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 33 CNA Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia State Budget Law 23.12.00 : CNAO Foundation: Polyclinics of Milan and Pave, National Neurological Institute, European Institute of Oncology, National Institute of Tumours, TERA 10,3 MEuro in 2001 State Budget Law 23.12.02: 5.0 MEuro in 2003, 10 MEuro in 2004 and 10 MEuro in 2005 CARIPLO Foundation: 5.0 MEuro Total 40 MEuro Site announced by the Government on 20.1.03 Pavia close to San Matteo and belonging to the Town

34. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 34 High technology designed by TERA ready in september 2003 Compact lines design RFQ+linac by GSI (Darmstadt) PIMMS/TERA Ring Collaborations: CERN GSI (Darmstadt) INFN LNF INFN LNS INFN Sez. To e Ge IN2P3

35. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 35 Italian National Centre in Pavia of the CNAO Foundation First patient: October 2007 5 4 3 2 1

36. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 36 Ion implanters and surface modification CATEGORY NUMBER IN USE ~ 7000 Accelerators in industry> 1500 Accelerators in non-nuclear research~ 1000 Radiotherapy> 5000 Medical radioisotope production~ 200 Hadrontherapy~ 20 Synchrotron radiation sources~ 70 NP and HEP research accelerators~ 110 TOTAL~ 15000 [W.H. Scharf and W. Wieszczycka, 1998 – Updated by the authors for this Conference] ENERGY Accelerators in the world } 55% } 35% Data from W.H. Scharf and collaborators

37. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 37 4. 3 The paths for technological transfers 1. Spill-over of technological knowledge 2. Transfer through procurement 3. Transfer through joint development projects Japanese physicists are very good at this

38. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 38 Transfer through procurement Four studies have been performed of the economic utility = increased turnover + cost savings resulting from high-tech contracts CERN 1 economic utility = 31975 CERN 2 economic utility = 3.01985 ESA 1economic utility = 2.91983 ESA 2economic utility = 3.21990

39. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 39 Transfer through joint development projects Reasons for an industry in a joint project gains in technological know-how for new products expectation of later orders acquisition of improved manufacturing technology prospects of new markets Example : ANSALDO Superconduttori (Genova) magneti superconduttori per LHC (2007)_

40. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 40 Four streams of spin-offs by knowledge future is linked to the existence of new stable particles and/or entities by people students research scientists senior scientists by methods by technologies particular technologies or integrated systems through spill-over of technological knowledge through procurement through joint development projects Summary

41. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 41

42. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 42 SCIENTIFIC CULTURE HARDWARE TECHNOLOGIESMETHODS SOFTWARE USABLE KNOWLEDGE PEOPLE SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY WETWARE SUMMARY

43. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 43 Accelerators for isotope production / 2 ISOTOPES AVAILABLE Energy [MeV]3.5 (d)101116.51830 MeV PET SPECT 15-O11-C 13-N 15-O 18-F 64-Cu 86-Y 120-I 123-I 124-I 67-Ga 81-Rb 111-In 201-Tl others Radioisotopes produced with accelerators (mainly cyclotrons) are about 20 % of the overall production

44. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 44 ions converters pelletD and T Inertial fusion by bombardement of pellets

45. Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 45 [ Modified from K. Bethge, Nuclear Physics News 1999] LINAC The time tree of the accelerators