1. Recent climate events

2. A North-South see-saw in salmon production Warm PDOCool PDOWarm PDO ??? Cool PDO spring chinook returns to the Columbia River mouth (1000s) Alaska pink and sockeye catch (millions)

3. Wintertime SST anomaly patterns: from 1990-97, a warm north Pacific did not match the PDO pattern of the past cooler period from 1999-2002 also differed from PDO pattern 1990-97 1999-02 2003

4. Ocean temperature anomalies Dec 26-Jan 22

5. December 2004 ocean temperatures obtained from NOAA’s coastwatch http://coastwatch.pfel.noaa.gov/cgi- bin/elnino.cgi

6. Oct 1 to Feb 1 Precipitation and snowpack (from SNOTEL sites) Basin average precip (% avg) Snow water equiv. (% avg)

7. ~1.5 to 3°C or ~ 3 to 6 °F warmer in the 2040’s Two grand challenges for the future 1.Population growth and development 2.Future climate change from global warming