1. CONFRONTING THE UNITED STATES

2. U.S. IMPERIAL POWER Conquest and incorporation Formal colonization Informal “spheres of influence”

4. STRATEGIES FOR POWER Mexico –Conquest and incorporation –Military intervention –Political and economic pressure Central America and Caribbean –Colonization (Puerto Rico, Panama?) –Dollar diplomacy and “sphere of influence” –Military intervention (Dominican Republic, Panama, Haiti) Cuba –Military intervention, occupation (1898-1902) –Quasi-colony (Platt Amendment, 1902-33) –Sphere of influence (1934-59) –Attempts at overthrow (1959- )

5. U.S. MILITARY INTERVENTIONS, 1898-1933 Costa Rica1921 Cuba1898-1902, 1906-1909, 1912, 1917-1922 Dominican Rep1903, 1904, 1914, 1916-1924 Haiti1915-1934 Honduras1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1924, 1925 Mexico1913, 1914, 1916-1917, 1918-1919 Nicaragua1898, 1899, 1909-1910, 1912-1925, 1926-1933 Panama1903-1914, 1921, 1925

8. Defining the Challenge Establishing sovereignty Articulating national interests In the wake of colonial rule (and war) Negotiating international arena Confronting the United States

9. STRATEGIC OPTIONS 1.Collective unity (“the Bolivarian dream”) 2.Extra-hemispheric protection 3.Regional hegemony 4.International law 5.Cultures of resistance 6.Alignment with the United States

11. OPTIONS IN ACTION: MEXICO –Collective unity (as leader of Latin America) –Regional hegemony (in Central America) –International law (re sovereignty) –Cultures of resistance –Alignment with United States (NAFTA)

13. CENTRAL AMERICA + CARIBBEAN Central America –Collective unity (unification) –Cultures of resistance –Alignment with USA Caribbean –Extra-hemispheric protection (Europe) –Cultures of resistance –Alignment with USA

15. CUBA Cultures of resistance + revolution Extra-hemispheric protection Collective unity (?)

18. Outcomes and Implications Short-term success and experimentation Growth of nationalist anti-imperialism Continuing quest for sovereignty Tensions in U.S.-Latin American relations