1. Understanding Atmospheric Heating in the GPM Era Robert Houze University of Washington 6 th GPM International Planning Workshop, 6-8 November 2006, Annapolis, Maryland, USA Heating algorithms are expected to be an important product of GPM

2. Relationship of Cloud Water Budgets to Heating Profile Calculations Austin and Houze 1973 Houze et al. 1980 Houze 1982, 1989 Takayabu 2002 Shige et al. 2006 Relationship of Cloud Water Budgets to Heating Profile Calculations Austin and Houze 1973 Houze et al. 1980 Houze 1982, 1989 Takayabu 2002 Shige et al. 2006 Latent heating only Total heating

3. Houze 1982PREMISE Can also relate eddy & radiative heating profiles to water budget to obtain Total Heating = Latent + Eddy + Radiative Houze 1982PREMISE Can also relate eddy & radiative heating profiles to water budget to obtain Total Heating = Latent + Eddy + Radiative

4. Tropical MCSs inject lots of hydrometeors into upper troposphere Idealized life cycle of tropical MCS as proposed by Houze 1982

5. Conv. LHStrat. LH Rad. Conv. Eddy Strat. Eddy Contributions to Total Heating by Convective Cloud System Details from Houze 1982

6. TOTAL HEATING These combine to give “top-heavy” heating profile Houze 1982 idealized case “Top Heavy” profile. Includes latent, eddy, and radiative heating.

7. Think of the following schematic as a composite of the water budget of an MCS over its whole life cycle After Houze et al. (1980) AcAc AsAs

8. AsAs Stratiform water budget equation AsAs AcAc Rain not simply related to condensation

9. AsAs AsAs AcAc Water budget parameters: A s, R s, C su, C T Need to be determined empirically Field projects, CloudSat,…

10. AsAs AsAs AcAc Convective region water budget equation

11. AsAs AsAs AcAc Sum over all cloud height categories i For each height category i with the constraint (each height cat.)

12. AsAs AsAs AcAc Dimensions and hydrometeor content of anvils are determined by the cloud dynamics and are related to the radiative heating profiles These also need to be determined empirically  X AC  Z AC

13. Using empirically derived values of the water budget parameters b and  s, the stratiform regions’ anvil mass is proportional to the stratiform rain A s =(bR s )/  s 200 hPa streamfunction response to CRF assumed proportional to TRMM rain by Schumacher et al. (2004) 400 hPa K/day

14. Summary Profiles of latent heating estimated by spectral methods are not independent of eddy and radiative heating profiles. Latent, eddy and radiative heating are interrelated through the water budget of the precipitating cloud system. Cloud water budget provides a means to establish the internal consistency of latent and radiative heating profiles and hence allows us to link radiative and eddy heating to latent heating Global patterns of heating estimated from GPM data can be extended to include radiative and eddy heating. Water budget parameters will need to be determined empirically in field studies aimed at understanding the anvil cirrus generation, and/or in conjunction with CloudSat. Profiles of latent heating estimated by spectral methods are not independent of eddy and radiative heating profiles. Latent, eddy and radiative heating are interrelated through the water budget of the precipitating cloud system. Cloud water budget provides a means to establish the internal consistency of latent and radiative heating profiles and hence allows us to link radiative and eddy heating to latent heating Global patterns of heating estimated from GPM data can be extended to include radiative and eddy heating. Water budget parameters will need to be determined empirically in field studies aimed at understanding the anvil cirrus generation, and/or in conjunction with CloudSat.

15. Final Thought Too ambitious? Think 15 years from now! Too ambitious? Think 15 years from now!

16. Thank you!

18. Extra Slides:

19. 13˚ S 11˚ S 12˚ S 130˚E132˚E131˚E 6060 5353 4646 3939 3232 2525 1818 1 4 dB Z 20 January 2006 0000UTC 6 km 13˚ S 11˚ S 12˚ S 130˚E132˚E 131˚E 6060 5353 4646 3939 3232 2525 1818 1 4 dB Z 20 January 2006 0900UTC 6 km 13˚ S 11˚ S 12˚ S 130˚E132˚E 131˚E 6060 53 46 39 32 25 18 11 4 dBZ 20 January 2006 1800UTC 6 km Example from TWP-ICE dBZ 20 2200 19Jan06 0000 20Jan06 0200 20Jan06 0400 20Jan06 0600 20Jan06 0800 20Jan06 1000 20Jan06 1200 20Jan06 1400 20Jan06 1600 20Jan06 1800 20Jan06 2000 20Jan06 28 21 14 7 0 -7 -14 -21 -28 ATTENUATED Height (km) 4 8 12 16 0 Cloud Radar Precipitation Radar

20. TWP-ICE Precipitation Radar Rain Rate (~20 % stratiform) TWP-ICE Cloud Radar Anvil Frequency Longer-term records of the water budget parameters also are being derived. Figures here are for duration of TWP-ICE. This will also be done for a longer-term climatology. We will use cloud & precipitation radars permanently located at Darwin.

21. AsAs AsAs AcAc Cloud radar  A s Precip radar  R s Doppler & soundings  A s, C su, C T Water budget parameters empirical Field projects, CloudSat,…