1. Hydrometeors Injected into the Large-scale Environment by Tropical Cloud Systems Robert A. Houze & Courtney Schumacher Co-PIs ARM Science Team Meeting, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 27 March 2006

2. Tropical MCSs inject lots of hydrometeors into upper troposphere Idealized life cycle of tropical MCS as proposed by Houze 1982

3. Think of the following schematic as a composite of the water budget of an MCS over its whole life cycle After Houze et al. (1980)

4. Stratiform water budget equation

5. Cloud radar  E se Precip radar  R s Doppler  E sd, C su, C T Measurements

6. In TWP-ICE we are subdividing the anvil into mixed and ice anvils

7. 13˚ S 11˚ S 12˚ S 130˚E132˚E131˚E 6060 5353 4646 3939 3232 2525 1818 1 4 dB Z 20 January 2006 0000UTC 6 km 13˚ S 11˚ S 12˚ S 130˚E132˚E 131˚E 6060 5353 4646 3939 3232 2525 1818 1 4 dB Z 20 January 2006 0900UTC 6 km 13˚ S 11˚ S 12˚ S 130˚E132˚E 131˚E 6060 53 46 39 32 25 18 11 4 dBZ 20 January 2006 1800UTC 6 km Example from TWP-ICE dBZ 20 2200 19Jan06 0000 20Jan06 0200 20Jan06 0400 20Jan06 0600 20Jan06 0800 20Jan06 1000 20Jan06 1200 20Jan06 1400 20Jan06 1600 20Jan06 1800 20Jan06 2000 20Jan06 28 21 14 7 0 -7 -14 -21 -28 ATTENUATED Height (km) 4 8 12 16 0 Cloud Radar Precipitation Radar

8. TWP-ICE Precipitation Radar Rain Rate (~20 % stratiform) TWP-ICE Cloud Radar Anvil Frequency Longer-term records of the water budget parameters also are being derived. Figures here are for duration of TWP-ICE. This will also be done for a longer-term climatology. We will use cloud & precipitation radars permanently located at Darwin.

9. Using the empirically derived water budget parameters b and  s, the stratiform regions’ anvil mass is proportional to the stratiform rain E se =(bR s )/  s 200 hPa streamfunction response to CRF assumed proportional to TRMM rain by Schumacher et al. (2004) 400 hPa K/day

10. Summary Water budget relationships will be used to investigate the magnitude & mechanisms of anvil generation by convective systems Cloud & Precipitation Radar will be used to estimate terms in the water budgets, & water budget terms will be checked for internal consistency The TWP-ICE dataset is being used to estimate the water budget terms for some representative cases, & for long-term dataset at Darwin Will develop formulas for parameterizing the anvil mass in terms of satellite observed rainfall.

11. Thank you!