1. Grid Computing Yoab Gorfu Abe Guerra Kay Odeyemi Renel Smith

2. Presentation Outline Introduction Architecture Large Deployment Example - National Fusion Grid Grid Toolkits – Globus Toolkit – Stateful Web Services

3. Introduction “A computational grid is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides dependable, consistent, pervasive, and inexpensive access to high-end computational capabilities.” Criteria for a Grid Coordinates resources that are not subject to centralized control. Uses standard, open, general-purpose protocols and interfaces. Delivers nontrivial qualities of service.

4. Introduction ‘Grid Problem’ - ‘coordinated resource sharing and problem solving in dynamic, multi-institutional virtual organizations’ [1] Virtual Organizations (VOs) Vary dramatically Core set of requirements

5. Introduction VO requirements Flexibility Control Varied resources Usage modes

6. Introduction

7. Grid Computing Benefits: Exploit underutilized resources Resource balancing Virtualize resources across an enterprise Enable collaboration for virtual organizations

8. Companies involved in Grid Computing Avaki Axceleon CapCal Centrata DataSynapse Distributed Science Elepar Entropia.com Grid Frastructure GridSystems Groove Networks IBM Intel Powerllel ProcessTree Sharman Networks Kazza Sun Gridware Sysnet Solutions Tsunami Research Ubero United Devices Veritas Xcomp Jivalti Mithral Mind Electric Mojo Nation NewsToYou.com NICE, Italy Noemix, Inc. Oracle Parabon Platform Computing Popular Power Source: http://www.gridcomputing.com/

9. Computation Grid Projects Particle Physics –global sharing of data and computation Astronomy –‘Virtual Observatory' for multi-wavelength astrophysics Chemistry –remote control of equipment and electronic logbooks Engineering –industrial healthcare and virtual organizations Bioinformatics –data integration, knowledge discovery and workflow Healthcare –sharing normalized mammograms Environment –Ocean, weather, climate modeling, sensor networks

10. Grid Architecture Protocol architecture Standards-based open architecture offers: Interoperability Services API flexibility

11. Grid Architecture

12. Fabric Layer – ‘provides the resources to which shared access is mediated by Grid protocols’ Resource-specific operations Functionality vs. simplicity

13. Grid Architecture Fabric layer should provide: Enquiry mechanisms Resource management mechanisms

14. Grid Architecture Connectivity Layer – ‘defines core communication and authentication protocols required for Grid-specific network transactions’ Data exchange Verification

15. Grid Architecture Connectivity layer should provide: Single sign on Delegation Integration with various local security solutions User-based trust relationships

16. Grid Architecture Resource Layer – ‘defines protocols for the secure negotiation, initiation, monitoring, control, accounting, and payment of sharing operations on individual resources’ Use Fabric Layer functions Information vs. Management protocols

17. Grid Architecture Resource layer should provide: Fabric layer functionality ‘exactly once’ semantics Error reporting

18. Grid Architecture Collective Layer – ‘contains protocols and services which capture interactions across collections of resources’ General vs. specific purpose

19. Grid Architecture Collective layer could provide: Software discovery services Community accounting and payment services Collaboratory services

20. Grid Architecture Applications Layer – ‘comprises the user applications that operate within a VO environment.’

21. National Fusion Grid A Collaboratory Pilot project that is creating and deploying collaborative software tools throughout the magnetic fusion research community

22. National Fusion Grid Simple Goals To advance scientific understanding and innovation in magnetic fusion research by enabling more efficient use of existing experimental facilities and more effective integration of experiment, theory, and modelling. To advance scientific understanding and innovation in fusion research Making widespread use of Grid technologies http://www.fusiongrid.org/

23. National Fusion Grid VISION FOR THE FUSION GRID Data, Codes, Analysis Routines, Visualization Tools should be thought of as network accessible services Shared security infrastructure Collaborative nature of research requires shared visualization applications and widely deployed collaboration technologies — Integrate geographically diverse groups Not focused on CPU cycle scavenging or “distributed” supercomputing (typical Grid justifications) — Optimize the most expensive resource - people’s time

24. National Fusion Grid The problems of data sharing and rapid data analysis the National Fusion Collaboratory community adopted: – a common data acquisition and management system – common relational database run-management schema

25. National Fusion Grid Geographically Diverse Community 3 Large Experimental Facilities — Alcator, C-Mod, DIII-D — NSTX ~$1B replacement cost 40 U.S. fusion research sites — Over 1000 scientists in 37 state Efficient collaboration is a requirement! — Integrate geographically diverse groups One future worldwide machine — Not based in US — US needs collaboration tools to benefit

26. National Fusion Grid National Magnetic Fusion Research Community FUSION COMMUNITY HAS 40 US SITES IN 37 STATES

27. National Fusion Grid Design and Implementation of Access Grid Produced of both design and architecture documents for review by public (beginning introduction into GGF document process) Demonstrated full-featured prototypes in Nov 2002 at SC2002 of new venue architecture, venue client, workspace docking complete with application sharing

28. National Fusion Grid Building the Fusion Grid (Progressive testbeds) Deployment Phrase Use Policies and Issues of Trust Moving to Real-Time Wrapping it up

29. Globus & the Globus Toolkit Globus – Open source community focused on Grid computing Globus Toolkit – Started in the late 1990’s to address common Grid application problems – … found at www.globus.orgwww.globus.org – Includes A set of services focused on infrastructure management Tools for building new Web services, in Java, C, and Python Standards-based security infrastructure Client APIs and command line programs

30. Globus Toolkit & Web Services

31. Modeling Stateful Resources with Web Services Web Services Background What is a Web Service? Web Service Environments A Brief Taxonomy of State and Services Stateless Implementations, Stateful Interfaces

32. Modeling Stateful Resources with Web Services What is a Web Service? Machine to Machine over a network via exchange of SOAP messages Conveyance via HTTP Key facility in distributed environment known as SOA

33. Modeling Stateful Resources with Web Services Why Web Service in Grid Discussion? Convergence in Grid and SOA Many grid implementations use Web Services

34. Modeling Stateful Resources with Web Services Web Services are usually Stateless All information needed by the service is contained in the input message All results are return via the output message The service does not ‘remember’ what it just did on completion Not that useful for Grid

35. Modeling Stateful Resources with Web Services State and Web Services Most applications are not stateless Grid application need their components to keep state Web services can be components of Grid applications

36. Modeling Stateful Resources with Web Services State and Web Services Two general ways for representing state The service keep track of it’s state The service has other systems keep track of state for it Ideally, Option 2 preferred

37. Modeling Stateful Resources with Web Services WS-Resource Protocol for modeling stateful resources Standards for read, update and querying of state values.

38. Modeling Stateful Resources with Web Services WS-Resource Lifecycle Assignment & Use Destruction Creation

39. Modeling Stateful Resources with Web Services WS-Resource Example

40. Modeling Stateful Resources with Web Services WS Resource – ACID properties Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability

41. References Foster, Ian; “Globus Toolkit Version 4: Software for Service-Oriented Systems:, IFIP International Conference on Network and Parallel Computing, Springer-Verlag LNCS 3779, pp 2-13, 2005 Foster, Ian; “WS-Resource Framework: Globus Alliance Perspectives”, GlobusWORLD, January 20, 2004 Foster, I., C. Kesselman, and S. Tuecke, The Anatomy of the Grid: Enabling Scalable Virtual Organizations. International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, 2001. 15(3): p. 200-222. Foster, I., Frey, J., Graham, S., Tuecke, S., Czajkowski, K., Ferguson, D., Leymann, F., Nally, M., Storey, T. and Weerawaranna, S. Modeling Stateful Resources with Web Services. Globus Alliance, 2004. Keahey, K, Fredian, T., Peng, D.P. Schissel, M. Thompson, I. Foster, M. Greenwald, D. McCune, Computational Grids in Action: The National Fusion Collaboratory, submitted to Future Generation Computer System, October 2002. 18(8): p. 1005-1015.