1. APAH REVIEW PART I

2. Paleolithic Sculpture Woman of Willendorf 28,000 BCE Served as fertility image (?). No facial features Ball-like, abstract shapes Emphasis= reproduction parts of female body

3. Paleolithic Painting Lascaux Hall of Bulls C.13,000 BCE Naturalistic, well observed Animals placed randomly Natural groundline Deep recesses of caves Spiritual (?)

4. Neolithic Landscape with Volcanic Eruption 6150 BCE World’s 1 st landscape, real place 1 st depiction of place devoid of both humans & animals 1 st painting on manmade wall

5. Neolithic Structure Stonehenge c2,000 BCE Salisbury Plain, England Post and lintel Megaliths Cosmic calendar? Harvest rituals? Religious? Summer solstice heelstone

6. Old Kingdom Egypt Khafre 2520-2494 BCE Diorite Rigid, Canon of Proportions Flawless, ideal body Bilaterally Symmetrical Houses the “Ka” Iconography-Unified Egy Falcon= Horus

7. New Kingdom Egypt Akhenaton 1353-1335 BCE AMARNA period Moved capital Elongated face, full lips, and curves Crook and flail Departs from Canon of Proportions (grid)

8. Sumerian Votive Figures Tell Asmar site c2600 BCE Limestone figures Surrogate figures Placed in temple shrine Conical forms

9. Assyrian Lamassu 720 BCE High relief, textures Characteristics 5 legs=conceptual Human head, beard Bull body w/ wings

10. Persian Ambassadors Processional frieze Persepolis, Iran, c500 BCE At audience hall of Darius & Xerxes Reliefs on staircases, representatives of 23 subject nations bringing gifts Subtly modeled surfaces Drapery echoes Archaic Greek sculpture

11. Minoan Bull Leaping fresco 1450-1400 BCE Bull is elongated, movement Women have fair skin, Man has dark skin Narrative, probably religious ritual

12. Cycladic Figurine of a Woman 2500-2300 BCE Characteristics Abstract, flat Triangles dominate Emphasis on breasts Incised lines Fertility goddess (?)

13. Mycenaean Lion Gate 1300-1250 BCE Characteristics Capped with a huge lintel Above lintel is corbelled arch Relieving triangle

14. Archaic Greek Sculpture Kouros 600 BCE Commemorative Life-size, nude, young men are kouroi and life-size, clothed, young women are korai Emulates the stance of Egyptian statues Left foot advanced Nude  Perfect body

15. Archaic Greek Architecture Temple of Hera I 550 BCE Characteristics Doric Temple Peripteral, Colonnade Columns= entasis

16. Classical Greek Sculpture Doryphoros, Spear Bearer by Polykleitos 450 BCE Greece’s Golden Age Contrapposto “The Canon”= set standards for ideal Perfect, harmonious ratios

17. Classical Greek Architecture Parthenon 447-438 BCE Numerous optical refinements – ded. to Athena Parthenos Perfect, harmonious proportions in Doric temple design Golden ratio throughout plan Doric columns ext, interior Ionic frieze

18. Hellenistic Greek Sculpture Seated Boxer 100-50 BCE Heavily Battered, defeated veteran Nose broken, teeth missing Appealed to the emotions Realism

19. Etruscan Etruscan Couple Sarcophagus c500 BCE Terracotta Happy memorial Portrait coffin m/f interaction Smooth, stylized bodies

20. Roman Sculpture Augustus of Primaporta 1 st century CE Emperor as general Based on Spear Bearer Portrait head Chestplate=victory over Parthians Cupid= proclaims his divine descent

21. Roman Architecture Pantheon 120 CE Temple of all the gods Uninterrupted interior space Concrete dome Oculus

22. Early Christian Mosaic Good Shepherd c 425 CE Christ with flock Lunette over door Some classical elements Illusionistic shading Stylized landscape Stars of Heaven Halo, gold, purple

23. Byzantine Architecture Hagia Sophia 535 CE Characteristics Mystical Quality of light floods interior Central plan w/ Longitudinal axis Pendentives for the dome

24. Byzantine Mosaic Justinian and Attendants 550 CE, San Vitale, Ravenna Church + State Propaganda Emperor at altar Christlike Tesserae gold shimmering Chi Rho on shield Soldiers left Priests right

25. Byzantine Painting Virgin (Theotokos) and Child C. 1200 CE Virgin of Compassion Mary style=long nose long fingers, small mouth Use of gold back Gold rays in Christ child’s robes Placed before altars

26. Hiberno-Saxon Chi-Rho-Iota page Book of Kells, c. 900 Manuscript illumination Initial letters of Jesus in Greek= XPI Gospel of Matthew Holy words into intricate abstract designs Recalls Celtic metalwork Angel, human, animal figs

27. Carolingian Saint Matthew, Folio 15 800 CE Charlemagne’s Gospel Book Illusionistic brushwork Color and modulation of light and shade to create shapes Roman, classical style and motifs, e.g. toga

28. Ottonian Gero Crucifix c. 970 Monumental suffering Statue and reliquary Much more dramatic than earlier depictions of crucifixion Distended body, blood streaks

29. Romanesque Architecture St.- Sernin, Toulouse c 1100 CE Pilgrimage Church Cruciform plan Simple ratio geom Ambulatory Transept

30. Romanesque Sculpture Last Judgment Tympanum by Gislebertus c1130 Autun Cathedral Christ as judge Christ in mandorla Souls weighed, Christ’s lft Saved souls=Christ’s rght

31. Gothic Architecture Chartres Cathedral c 1150 CE Stained glass oculi Lux nova Flying buttresses Ribbed groin vaulting Spires, verticality Heaven on Earth

32. Gothic Sculpture Saints Martin, Jerome, and Gregory Jamb statues Chartres Cathedral, c1230 Attached to columns but break rigid vertical lines Drapery falls softly Distinctive personality revealed in faces

33. Gothic Painting God As Architect C.1230 God creates heaven, earth, sun, moon, & all elements Architect of the world with compass Ink, tempera, gold leaf

34. Ancient Japan Haniwa figure c 500 Cylindrical Low-fired clay Placed on graves for protection

35. Ancient Japanese Painting Tale of the Genji, c.1125 Handscroll - Story of love+intrigue Upturned ground, strong diag Elevated viewpoint omits roofs & ceilings Flat fields of color

36. Ancient China Travelers Among Mountains and Streams By Fan Kuan c. 1000 CE Hanging scroll, ink on silk Precise detail Smallness of man in nature Perspective reads vertically

37. Islam Dome of the Rock, 687-692 1 st great achievement of Islamic architecture Use of calligraphy on tiles Site is sacred to Muslims, Jews, and Christians Domed octagon, interior= rich mosaic ornament

38. Ancient North America Incised Shell Gorget 1250-1300 CE Characteristics Running Warrior Composite profile Elaborate headdress Gifts to the dead

39. Ancient Mesoamerica Colossal Olmec Head 900-400 BCE Mexico Basalt, 10’ h. Ruler portraits Probably not deities Intensity of expression

40. Ancient Africa Nok Head 500 BCE Nigeria Terracotta Flaring nostrils & alert yes are unique to Nok art Expressive face African context= ritual

41. Ancient India Shiva as Nataraja 1000 CE Nataraja=Lord of the Dance Portable image Dwarf under feet= ignorance Nimbus-circle-of fire Drum=universal heartbeat Lively w/ central axis

42. Early Renaissance Sculpture Saint Mark by Donatello 1411-1413 Contrappasto 1 st with voluminous drapery Stirring limbs Holds Gospel book

43. Early Renaissance Painting Tribute Money by Massacio 1427 fresco Characteristics Continuous Narrative Light coming from a specific source 3-D modeling, shadingVanishing Point Linear, Aerial PerspectiveContrapposto Roman figure

44. EARLY RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE Foundling Hospital Filippo Brunelleschi c.1425, Florence, Italy Homage to Antiquity Roman motifs Math= basis for design Perfect geometry Loggia Medallions by della Robbia

45. High Renaissance Sculpture David by Michelangelo 1501-1504 Formal references to classical antiquity Compositionally and emotionally connected to an unseen presence Head turned to show pent up energy contrapposto

46. High Renaissance Painting School of Athens by Raphael, 1510 Fresco, Vatican, Rome Imaginary gathering of philosophers, scientists Summarizes ideals of HR References to Antiquity Aristotle & Plato at vanishing point, linear perspective

47. High Renaissance Architecture Capitoline Hill by Michelangelo 1537 Organized units symmetrically around a central/ unique axis Architecture as human body for Michelangelo Trapezoid plane Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius