1. Cognition

2. Questions Why do people make mistakes? Are intelligence tests biased?

3. Why Do People Make Mistakes? We make mistakes in decision-making and problem-solving because we use strategies that are not completely rational. Heuristics are strategies that lead to quick, efficient solutions but sometimes result in mistakes.

4. Why Do People Make Mistakes? Representativeness Heuristic Conjunction Fallacy Gambler’s Fallacy

5. Why Do People Make Mistakes? Availability Heuristic Recognition Heuristic

6. Why Do People Make Mistakes? Functional Fixedness Mental Set

7. Misconception Alert! Confidence level is not a good predictor of how likely it is that someone is correct.

8. Are Intelligence Tests Biased? Intelligence scores are measured with standardized tests (WAIS, Stanford-Binet). Standardized tests are normed and have standard administration. Examples of subtests – Digit span – Picture arrangement – Information

9. Are Intelligence Tests Biased? Intelligence tests measure a variety of cognitive abilities. Examples of subtests – Digit span – Picture arrangement – Information

10. Are Intelligence Tests Biased? A good test is both reliable and valid. Reliability is the extent to which a test produces consistent results. Validity is the extent to which a test measures what it was designed to measure.

11. Are Intelligence Tests Biased? Intelligence tests have high reliability. Individual differences on IQ are correlated with various measures of success.

12. Are Intelligence Tests Biased? What does it mean for a test to be biased? – Group differences in scores? – Differences in predictive ability for different groups?

13. Are Intelligence Tests Biased? Intelligence tests do yield average differences between groups. Intelligence test scores do not generally vary in their predictive ability across groups.

14. Are Intelligence Tests Biased? A particular test only measures a limited set of abilities. The definition of intelligence is determined by the culture. Predictive validity of tests could be due to a self-fulfilling prophecy.