1. 1 BA116IU Introduction to Social Sciences Semester 2, 2008-2009 School of Business Administration IU – VNU HCMC Instructor: Dr. Truong Thi Kim Chuyen USSH – VNU HCMC

2. 2 Demography: The Study of Population World Population Patterns How Did Communities Originate? Urbanization Types of Communities McGraw-Hill 2006 Chapter 15 POPULATION, COMMUNITIES, & HEALTH Chapter Outline Sociological Perspectives on Health and Illness Social Epidemiology and Health Social Policy and Population: Financing Health Care WorldwideSocial Policy and Population: Financing Health Care Worldwide

3. 3 Demography: The Study of Population  Demography: scientific study of population  Fertility: level of reproduction in a society Sociologists focus on social factors that influence population rates and trends.

4. 4 Demography: The Study of Population –Malthus held that world’s population was growing more rapidly than the available food supply Argued food supply increases in an arithmetic progression, whereas population expands by geometric progression –Malthus advocated population control  Malthus’s Thesis and Marx’s Response

5. 5 Demography: The Study of Population If society were well ordered, increases should lead to greater wealth, not hunger and misery Linked overpopulation to unequal distribution of resources  Malthus’s Thesis and Marx’s Response –Marx saw no special relationship between world population and the supply of resources

6. 6 Demography: The Study of Population –Census: enumeration, or counting of a population –Vital Statistics: records of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces gathered through a registration system maintained by government  Studying Population Today

7. 7 Demography: The Study of Population –Death Rate: number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year –Infant Mortality Rate: number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.  Elements of Demography

8. 8 Demography: The Study of Population –Life Expectancy: median number of years a person can be expected to live under current mortality conditions –Growth Rate: difference between birth and deaths, plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants.  Elements of Demography

9. 9 World Population Patterns –Change from high birthrates and death rates to relatively low birth rates and death rates –Typically viewed as a three-stage process: Pre-transition stage Transition stage Post-transition stage  Demographic Transition

10. 10 World Population Patterns –Momentum toward growing world population well-established Developing nations face prospect of continued population growth, since substantial proportion of their population is approaching child bearing years Population Pyramid: special type of bar chart that shows distribution of population by gender and age  The Population Explosion

11. 11 World Population Patterns

12. 12 World Population Patterns  Figure 15.1: Demographic Transition

13. 13 World Population Patterns  Figure 15.2: Population Structure of Afghanistan and the United States, 2005

14. 14 Fertility Patterns in the United States –The baby boom was not a return to large families, but rather decrease in number of childless marriages and one- child families –The baby boom represents the most recent period of high fertility in the United States  The Baby Boom

15. 15 Fertility Patterns in the United States –Fertility rate of the U.S. remained low over the last two decades –Still experiencing population growth Momentum built into our age structure by the postwar population boom Continued high rates of immigration  Stable Population Growth

16. 16 Fertility Patterns in the United States  Stable Population Growth Zero Population Growth (ZPG): state of a population in which the number of births plus immigrants equals the number of deaths plus emigrants

17. 17 Population and Migration  Migration: relatively permanent movement of people with the purpose of changing their place of residence. Migration usually describes movement over a sizable distance, rather than from one side of a city to another.

18. 18 How Did Communities Originate? –Early communities were very dependent on physical environment for their food supply –Horticultural societies, where people cultivated food rather than merely gathering fruits and vegetables, led to dramatic changes in human social organization  Early Communities

19. 19 How Did Communities Originate? –Had only a few thousand people living within their borders –Characterized by relatively closed class systems and limited mobility –Status based on ascribed characteristics, and education limited to elite  Preindustrial Cities

20. 20 How Did Communities Originate? Reliance on animal power Modest levels of surplus Problems in transportation and storage of food Hardships of migration to the city Dangers of city life  Preindustrial Cities –Remained small due to:

21. 21 How Did Communities Originate? –Industrial City: Based on very different principles of social organization than preindustrial cities More open class system and social mobility  Industrial and Postindustrial Cities

22. 22 How Did Communities Originate? –Urbanism: relatively large and permanent settlement leads to distinctive patterns of behavior  Industrial and Postindustrial Cities –Postindustrial City: Global finance and electronic flow of information dominate the economy

23. 23 Urbanization –Human Ecology: interrelationships between people and their spatial settings and physical environments –Urban Ecology: focuses on relationships as they emerge in urban areas  Functionalist View: Urban Ecology

24. 24 Urbanization Zones illustrate or define growth of urban area over time  Functionalist View: Urban Ecology –Concentric-Zone Theory: center, or nucleus, of a city is the most highly valued land and each succeeding zone surrounding the center contains other types of land which are valued differently

25. 25 Urbanization Metropolitan area may have several centers of development reflecting urban need or activity  Functionalist View: Urban Ecology –Multiple-nuclei theory: all urban growth does not radiate out from a central district

26. 26 Urbanization  Figure 15.3: Ecological Theories of Urban Growth

27. 27 Urbanization –New urban sociology: considers the interplay of local, national, and worldwide forces and their effects on local space –World Systems Analysis: certain industrialized nations hold a dominant position at the core of global economic system  Conflict View: New Urban Sociology

28. 28 Urbanization –Peripheral countries tend to be exploited by core nations  Conflict View: New Urban Sociology –Poorer developing countries are on periphery of global economy

29. 29 Urbanization

30. 30 Types of Communities –Urban Dwellers Gans distinguishes five types of people found in our cities: –Cosmopolites –Unmarried and childless people –Ethnic villagers –The deprived –The trapped  Central Cities

31. 31 Types of Communities –Issues Facing Cities Crime Pollution Schools Inadequate transportation  Central Cities –Urban Dwellers Defended neighborhood refers to people’s definitions of their community boundaries

32. 32 Types of Communities –Leaders, policymakers and advocates first identify community’s strengths and then seek to mobilize those assets  Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD Approach) Helps communities recognize human resources they might otherwise overlook

33. 33 Types of Communities –Any community near a large city –Three social factors differentiate suburbs from cities: Less dense than cities Private space More exacting building codes  Suburbs

34. 34 Types of Communities –Diversity in the suburbs The suburbs contain significant number of low-income people from all backgrounds  Suburbs –Suburban Expansion Suburbanization most dramatic population trend in the United States during 20th century

35. 35 Types of Communities –21% of U.S. population live in rural areas –Farm residents now represent less than 1% of U.S. population –Shift to single, large business also creates problems  Rural Communities

36. 36 Culture and Health  Culture can also influence the relative incidence of a disease or disorder.  Culture contributes to differences in medical care as well as how health is defined

37. 37 Sociological Perspectives on Health and Illness –State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being Not merely the absence of disease and infirmity –Represents ideal rather than precise condition  Health

38. 38 Sociological Perspectives on Health and Illness –Being sick must be controlled so that not too many people are released from their societal responsibilities at any one time Sick role: Societal expectations about attitudes and behavior of a person viewed as being ill Physicians function as “gatekeepers” for the sick role.  Functionalist Approach

39. 39 Sociological Perspectives on Health and Illness –Critical of growing role of medicine as major institution of social control –Argues that medicine is a regulating mechanism and manifests social control by: Expanding its domain of expertise Retaining jurisdiction over many health care procedures  Conflict Approach

40. 40 Sociological Perspectives on Health and Illness Poor areas tend to be underserved Brain drain: immigration to U.S. and other industrialized nations of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians desperately needed in home countries  Conflict Approach –Inequities of Health Care

41. 41 Sociological Perspectives on Health and Illness –Studies the roles played by health care professionals and patients –Asserts that patients may play an active role in the positive or negative outcomes of their health  Interactionist Approach

42. 42 Sociological Perspectives on Health and Illness –The designations healthy and ill generally involve social definition by others –Disagreements continue in the medical community over whether a variety of life experiences are illnesses or not  Labeling Approach

43. 43 Culture and Health  Figure 15.4: Infant Mortality Rates, 2002

44. 44 Social Epidemiology and Health –Social Epidemiology: study of distribution of disease, impairment, and general health status across a population –Incidence: number of new cases of specific disorder occurring within given population during stated period of time, usually a year –Prevalence: total number of cases of specific disorder that exist at given time  Social Epidemiology and Health

45. 45 Social Epidemiology and Health –Clearly associated with differences in morbidity and mortality rates –Class linked to health by: Crowded living conditions Substandard housing Poor diet Stress Lack of health insurance █ Social Class

46. 46 Social Epidemiology and Health –Health profiles of racial and ethnic groups reflect social inequality evident in United States –Poor economic and environmental conditions manifested in high morbidity and mortality rates for these groups  Race and Ethnicity

47. 47 Social Epidemiology and Health  Figure 15.5: Percent of People without Health Insurance, 2003

48. 48 Social Epidemiology and Health –When compared with men, women live longer, but as a group appear to be in poorer health than men –Women live longer due to: Lower rate of cigarette smoking Lower consumption of alcohol Lower rates of employment in certain occupations  Gender

49. 49 Social Epidemiology and Health –Most older people in the United States have at least one chronic illness –Older people vulnerable to certain types of mental health problems –Older people use more health services than younger people  Age

50. 50 Social Policy and Health In many developing nations, health care issues center on very basic needs of primary care Industrialized nations face issues related to the accessibility and affordability of health care  Financing Health Care Worldwide –The Issue

51. 51 Social Policy and Health The U.S. is only Western industrial democracy that does not treat health care as basic right National Health Insurance: general term for legislative proposals that focus on ways to provide the entire population with health care services Opponents of national health insurance insist it would be costly and lead to significant tax increases.  Financing Health Care Worldwide –The Setting

52. 52 Social Policy and Health Conflict theorists suggest that health care system resists basic change –Those who receive substantial wealth and power through the workings of an existing institution have strong incentive to keep things as they are The health care system undergoing “corporatization”  Financing Health Care Worldwide –Sociological Insights

53. 53 Social Policy and Health Major changes occurring More people enrolled in managed care plans, which limit patient’s choice of physicians and treatments but cover most medical costs There are growing concerns about the quality of health care provided by managed care plans Many industrial countries paying greater attention to unequal health care delivery  Financing Health Care Worldwide –Policy Initiatives