1. Chapter Two Traits, Motives, and Characteristics of Leaders
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2. Learning Objectives
Identify general and task-related traits that contribute to leadership effectiveness.
Describe how emotional intelligence contributes to leadership effectiveness.
Identify key motives that contribute to leadership effectiveness.
Describe cognitive factors associated with leadership effectiveness.
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3. Learning Objectives (cont’d)
Discuss the heredity versus environment issue in relation to leadership effectiveness.
Summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the trait approach to leadership.
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4. Leadership Characteristics
1. Personality Traits
2. Leadership Motives and Needs
3. Cognitive Factors and Intelligence
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5. 1. Personality Traits General Personality Traits
Traits observable both within and outside the context of work
Task-Related Personality Traits
Traits closely associated with task accomplishment
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6. Figure 2-1 General Personality Traits of Effective Leaders
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7. Figure 2-2 Task-Related Personality Traits of Leaders
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8. 2. Leadership Motives and Needs
Leaders have an intense desire to occupy a position of responsibility for others and to control them.
This desire is evident in four needs or motives, all of which can be considered task related.
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9. Figure 2-3 Leadership Motives
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10. 3. Cognitive Factors and Intelligence
Cognition refers to the mental process or faculty by which knowledge is gathered
Leaders must have problem-solving and intellectual skills to effectively gather, process, and store essential information
Six cognitive factors related to leadership effectiveness have been identified
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11. Figure 2-4 Cognitive Factors and Leadership
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

12. The WICS Model of Leadership in Organizations
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13. The WICS Model (cont’d)
According to the WICS model, a leader needs the following for the successful utilization of intelligence:
Creative skills to generate new ideas
Analytical skills to evaluate whether the ideas are good ones
Practical skills to implement the ideas and to persuade others of their value.
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14. Influence of Heredity and Environment
Are leaders born or are they made? Both.
Individuals inherit a basic capacity to develop personality traits and mental ability that sets an outer limit on how extensively these traits can be developed
Environmental influences, in turn, determine how much of an individual’s potential will be developed
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15. Trait Approach Strengths Limitations
Serves as a guide to leader selection
Can guide individuals in preparing for leadership responsibility
Limitations
Does not identify which characteristics are absolutely needed
Does not specify how much of a trait or characteristic is needed
Can breed an elitist conception of leadership
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16. Summary
The trait-based perspective of leadership asserts that certain personality traits, leader motives, and cognitive factors contribute to leadership effectiveness
Personality traits include both general traits and task-related traits
Leaders can often be distinguished by their needs or motives
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17. Summary (cont’d) Cognitive ability is important for leadership success
Traits, motives, and cognitive ability derive from a combination of heredity and environment
Traits do appear to distinguish leaders from nonleaders and effective leaders from less-effective leaders
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.