1. Air Pollution History - Principles Acute vs. Chronic Examples: SO 2, Acid Rain and Ozone

2. Crude Examination of History -3300 BC -5300 YBP Ötzi - man Age of the Automobile Chronic Dispersed Non-point Complex Smog Acid Precipitation 2008 ‘Present’ Long- distance Transport Ozone Ozone-CO 2 interactions Particulates Heavy metals Climate Change Impacts: Individual, human health Non-human impacts Visibility Regulations/Laws Issues of Social Justice Industrial Revolution Acute Local Point SO 2

3. Ötzi - der Mensch aus dem Eis Arsenic Copper http://www.viewzone.com/oetzi.html

4. North America’s Largest Sources of SO 2 Sudbury, Ontario, Canada (1883 to present) Copper Hill/Duck Town, Tennesse (Pre- European to 1983) ASARCO Smelter - Tacoma (1890 - 1985) Anaconda Smelter - MT (1884 - 1980) Smelterville/Kellogg, Idaho (1888 - 1981) Trail BC

5. History Continued - Sudbury Smelting of Nickel & Copper Point Source 1890 Ground Level Roasting Beds 1928 Roasting Beds - gone Tall stacks 1972 Super Stack 1250’ Acute to Chronic Local to Distant Simple to Complex 1883 First Mine 1990’s Further Reductions http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/envision/sudbury/air_quality/index.htm

6. Sudbury - Ecological Effects Principles of Acute, Point-Source Air Pollution 90 miles 7000 Lakes Waste Land Timber harvesting I I - Visible Damage on sensitive species II II - Sensitive tree species dies, other trees show deformed crowns Stages of Acute Air Pollution Damage III III - Shrubs and herbaceous plants die IV IV - Only most tolerant plants alive

7. Transition from Acute, Point Source, Local to Chronic, Non-point source (or multiple), Distant Acid Precipitation Result of transferring problem from local to distant Application of technologies to reduce smoke and soot Takes incredible detective work, especially with terrestrial vs. aquatic systems Greatest financial impact: structures

8. Acid Rain - 1 http://www.umac.org/ocp/4/info.html H+H+ SO 4 = NO 3 -

9. Acid Rain - 2 Bottomline: H + is being added SO 4 = is being added NO 3 - is being added

10. Acid Rain - 3

11. Acid Rain - Effects on Forest Ecosystems

12. Acid Rain - Effects on Forest & Aquatic Ecosystems: Major Detective’s job Shallow rooted trees and plants Where do plants get their required water and nutrients? CO 2 - air N - soil & decomposition & input of NO 3 Other minerals (Ca, Mg, K) - decomposition & weathering

13. Continued Parent Material Geology of parent material Certain soils are more susceptible to acid rain Low soil carbon - poor acid buffering capacity Rocks (minerals) Secondary minerals (clays) Weathering 1.Parent material 2.Climate 3.Topography 4.Vegetation 5.Time Chemical & Physical

14. Continued H + acts to remove K +, Mg +, Mn +, Ca ++ NO 3 - combines with K +, Mg +, Mn +, Ca ++ Combination is very soluble, leaches out If H + very high, then Al +++ is removed. Parent Material Clay - Ca ++ Organic matter - K + Clay - H + Ca ++ NO 3 - Organic matter - H + K + NO 3 - Clay - H + Al +++ Organic matter - H +

15. Images

16. Smog and LA ≤ 60 ppb > 125 ppb

17. Regarding the behavior of aspen in the article you read - select the false statement 1.Aspen is relatively widely distributed 2.Greatest impact of ozone on aspen is in the Pacific Northwest 3.Aspen is very sensitive to ozone

18. Example of an Ozone Episode

19. Ozone Formed Correct precursors Sun light, warm temperatures Inversion

20. General Principle Chronic levels of a pollutant do not kill humans, or plants outright; weaken. A weakened person or plant -- Plant: its productivity or ability to make biomass decreases. How might this affect a trophic pyramid or prices of food? Human: Immune system compromised Other factors also weaken humans and plants. THEN some other factor usually kills the human or plant.

21. Next Steps Laws and Regulations: Clean Air Act of 1970 and modifications Combinations of ozone and elevated carbon dioxide. Long-distance transport Cap and trade model for controlling SO 2