1. Respiration Air Ventilation Gas exchange (alveoli) Gas transport (blood) Tissues Uptake O 2 for energy Download CO 2

2. Consumption of O 2 and production of CO 2 Determination by spirometry Respiratory quotients for carbohydrates and fats RQ = CO 2 produced O 2 consumed 200 ml / min 250 ml / min = 0.8 = Sugar + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O energy

3. Function of Upper Airways Warm Humidify Filter / clean /immune defense Air Extensive vascular mucous membrane Maintain / provide airway Special functions:smell taste voice

6. Pharnyx and Larnyx 1. Maintenance of airway 2. Pharnyx immune defense Airway maintenance: 1. Intrinsic tone of pharngeal muscles, tongue 2. Relfexes: swallowing reflex cough reflex

7. Airway maintenance is compromised: muscle floppy reflexes 1. Unconscious face down and to side gravity assists 2. Alcohol 3. Opiates, barbiturates, anaesthetic gases, artificial airways 4. Sleep

9. Fig. shows envelopment of the alveoli by pulmonary capillaries. From periphery via R side of heart To periphery via L side of heart

10. Inspiration is active process: muscle contraction Chest volume Lung vol Air pressure Air in through mouth and nose Expiration (quiet) involves controlled muscle relaxation Chest volume Lung vol Air pressure Air out through mouth and nose

13. 1 mmHg = 13.6 mm H 2 O 1 mmHg = 1.36 cm H 2 O

14. 760 mmHg

15. Normal airflow achieved Lungs inspiration  1 mmHg expiration + 1 mmHg Max inspir effort  50 mmHg Max expir effort + 100 mmHg Mouth 0 mmHg

16. Muscles of Respiration Quiet breathing: Inspiration: diaphragm — phrenic N. C3,4,5 Expiration: controlled relaxation, diaphragm Heavy breathing: Accessory muscles Inspiration: external intercostals, neck muscles Expiration: abdominal muscles, internal intercostals

19. Summary Respiration ventilation perfusion gas exchange gas transport cellular respiration CO 2 production,O 2 consumption–respir quotient Functions of upper airways Mechanism of inspiration & expiration Lung volumes