1. Electrical Components and Circuits By Naaimat Muhammed

2. CURRENT CIRCUITS AND MEASUREMENTS The general definition of a circuit is a closed path that may be followed by an electric current. The general definition of a circuit is a closed path that may be followed by an electric current.

3. Galvanometer A galvanometer is a device with a rotating indicator that will rotate from its equilibrium position when a current passes through it. A galvanometer is a device with a rotating indicator that will rotate from its equilibrium position when a current passes through it. A galvanometer has a negligible resistance. A galvanometer has a negligible resistance.

5. Ampermeter An ampermeter (ammeter) is a galvanometer with a calibrated current scale for its indicator and a bypass resistor called a shunt. An ampermeter (ammeter) is a galvanometer with a calibrated current scale for its indicator and a bypass resistor called a shunt. Many ammeters have several selectable shunts which provide their corresponding current meter ranges. Many ammeters have several selectable shunts which provide their corresponding current meter ranges. Ammeters can be found with calibrated ranges of 1 micro-A for full scale deflection up to 1000 A for full scale deflection, and in multiples of 10 between these extremes. Ammeters can be found with calibrated ranges of 1 micro-A for full scale deflection up to 1000 A for full scale deflection, and in multiples of 10 between these extremes.

6. Voltmeter A voltmeter is a calibrated galvanometer with a series resistor so that the total resistance of the path is increased. A voltmeter is a calibrated galvanometer with a series resistor so that the total resistance of the path is increased. The galvanometer range is calibrated for the current Ig passing through it. The galvanometer range is calibrated for the current Ig passing through it. Voltmeters may have more than one calibrated scale which can be selected by changing the resistance. Voltmeters may have more than one calibrated scale which can be selected by changing the resistance.

8. Current in Circuit Current in a circuit is the flow of the positive charge from a high potential (+) to a low potential (-). Current in a circuit is the flow of the positive charge from a high potential (+) to a low potential (-). Meters are labeled to indicate the proper direction of current flow through them. Meters are labeled to indicate the proper direction of current flow through them. Electrical charge will not move through a conducting path unless there is a potential difference between the ends of the conductors Electrical charge will not move through a conducting path unless there is a potential difference between the ends of the conductors The source of energy in a circuit which provides the energy to move the charge through the circuit can be a battery, photocell, or some other power supply. The source of energy in a circuit which provides the energy to move the charge through the circuit can be a battery, photocell, or some other power supply.

9. Electrical Circuit An electrical circuit is a circuitous path of wire and devices. An electrical circuit is a circuitous path of wire and devices.

11. An example of a circuit with a DC. power supply in a series with a resistor, a parallel branch with a resistor and voltmeter, and an ammeter.

12. Basic Electric Circuit The flashlight is an example of a basic electric circuit. The flashlight is an example of a basic electric circuit. It contains a source of electrical energy (the dry cells in the flashlight), a load (the bulb) that changes the electrical energy into a more useful form of energy (light), and a switch to control the energy delivered to the load. It contains a source of electrical energy (the dry cells in the flashlight), a load (the bulb) that changes the electrical energy into a more useful form of energy (light), and a switch to control the energy delivered to the load.

14. Laws of Electricity Ohm’s law describes the relationship among potential, resistance and current in a resistive series circuit. Ohm’s law describes the relationship among potential, resistance and current in a resistive series circuit. In a series circuit, all circuit elements are connected in sequence along a unique path, head to tail, as are the battery and three resistors. In a series circuit, all circuit elements are connected in sequence along a unique path, head to tail, as are the battery and three resistors. Ohm’s Law may be written as: Ohm’s Law may be written as: V = IR V = IR

15. Diagram for determining resistance and Voltage in a basic circuit

16. Continued

17. Kirchhoff’s Law Kirchhoff’s current law states that the algebraic sum of currents around any point in a circuit is zero. Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the voltages around a closed electrical loop is zero.

19. Power Law The power law states that the power in watts dissipated in a resistive element is given by the product of the current in amperes and the potential difference across the resistance in volts The power law states that the power in watts dissipated in a resistive element is given by the product of the current in amperes and the potential difference across the resistance in volts P = IV P = IV

20. Basic Direct Current Circuits

21. Parallel Circuits

22. References “Direct Current Circuits.” http://pneuma.phys.ualberta.ca/~gingrich/phys395/note s/node2.html “Direct Current Circuits.” http://pneuma.phys.ualberta.ca/~gingrich/phys395/note s/node2.html “Field effect transistors (FETs) as transducers in electrochemical sensors.” “Field effect transistors (FETs) as transducers in electrochemical sensors.” http://www.ch.pw.edu.pl/~dybko/csrg/isfet/chemfet.htm l http://www.ch.pw.edu.pl/~dybko/csrg/isfet/chemfet.htm l http://www.ch.pw.edu.pl/~dybko/csrg/isfet/chemfet.htm l http://www.ch.pw.edu.pl/~dybko/csrg/isfet/chemfet.htm l Skoog, Holler, and Nieman. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 5th ed. Orlando: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1998. Skoog, Holler, and Nieman. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 5th ed. Orlando: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1998. Shul’ga AA, Koudelka-Hep M, de Rooij NF, Netchiporouk LI. “Glucose sensitive enzyme field effect transistor using potassium ferricyanide as an oxidizing substrate.” Analytical Chemistry. 15 Jan. 1994. Shul’ga AA, Koudelka-Hep M, de Rooij NF, Netchiporouk LI. “Glucose sensitive enzyme field effect transistor using potassium ferricyanide as an oxidizing substrate.” Analytical Chemistry. 15 Jan. 1994.