1. Marketing Channels and Supply Chain Management
Chapter 11
Marketing Channels and Supply Chain Management

2. Road Map: Previewing the Concepts
Explain why companies use distribution channels and discuss the functions these channels perform.
Discuss how channel members interact and how they organize to perform the work of the channel.
Identify the major channel alternatives open to a company.
Explain how companies select, motivate, and evaluate channel members.
Discuss the nature and importance of marketing logistics and supply chain management.

3. What is a Distribution Channel?
Set of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumer or business user.

4. Why are Marketing Intermediaries Used?
The use of intermediaries results from their greater efficiency in making goods available to target markets.
Offers the firm more than it can achieve on its own through the intermediaries:
Contacts,
Experience,
Specialization,
Scale of operation.
Purpose: match supply from producers to demand from consumers.

5. A Distributor Reduces the Number of Channel Transactions (Fig. 11-1)

6. Distribution Channel Functions
These Functions Should be Assigned to the Channel Member Who Can Perform Them Most Efficiently and Effectively.
Risk Taking
Information
Financing
Promotion
Physical
Distribution
Contact
Negotiation
Matching

7. Interactive Student Assignments
List and briefly discuss the marketing channel functions that are involved in completing and fulfilling transactions.
Which functions apply most in each of the following situations?
A retailer puts in a rush re-order for a needed Christmas item that is in short supply.
An Internet marketer seeks ways to identify and contact its market.
The distribution channel moves goods and services from producers to consumers. It overcomes the major time, place, and possession gaps that separate goods and services from those who would use them. Members of the marketing channel perform many key functions.
Some help to complete transactions: (a) Information--gathering and distributing marketing research and intelligence information about actors and forces in the marketing environment needed for planning and aiding exchange. (b) Promotion--developing and spreading persuasive communications about an offer. (c) Contact--finding and communicating with prospective buyers. (d) Matching--shaping and fitting the offer to the buyer’s needs, including activities such as manufacturing, grading, assembling, and packaging. (e) Negotiation--reaching an agreement on price and other terms of the offer so that ownership or possession can be transferred.
Others help to fulfill the completed transaction: (a) Physical distribution--transporting an storing goods. (b) Financing--acquiring and using funds to cover the costs of the channel work. (c) Risk taking--assuming the risks of carrying out the channel work.
Students should analyze the above areas and use them in making choices for the designated problem situations. Suggestions for solution would include (but are not exclusive to): (a) A fulfilling transaction--physical distribution. (b) A completion transaction--information, contact, and matching.

8. Number of Channel Levels (Fig. 11-2)

9. Channel Behavior & Organization
The channel will be most effective when:
each member is assigned tasks it can do best.
all members cooperate to attain overall channel goals and satisfy the target market.
When this doesn’t happen, conflict occurs:
Horizontal Conflict occurs among firms at the same level of the channel, i.e retailer to retailer.
Vertical Conflict occurs between different levels of the same channel, i.e. wholesaler to retailer.
Each channel member’s role must be specified and conflict must be managed.

10. Conventional Distribution Channel Vs. a Vertical Marketing System (Fig

11. Types of Vertical Marketing Systems
Corporate VMS
Common Ownership at Different
Levels of the Channel i.e. Sears
Types of Vertical Marketing Systems
Contractual VMS
Contractual Agreements Among
Channel Members i.e Western Auto
Administered VMS
Leadership is Assumed by One or
a Few Dominant Members i.e. Kraft
Degree of Direct Control

12. Types of Vertical Marketing Systems
Systems (VMS)
Contractual
VMS
Retailer
Cooperatives
Franchise
Organizations
Wholesaler Sponsored
Voluntary Chain
Service-Firm-
Sponsored Retailer
Franchise System
Manufacturer-
Sponsored Wholesaler
Administered
VMS
Corporate
VMS

13. Innovations in Marketing Systems
Horizontal Marketing System
Two or More Companies at One Channel Level Join Together to Follow a New Marketing Opportunity.
Example:
Banks in Grocery Stores
Hybrid Marketing System
A Single Firm Sets Up Two or More Marketing Channels to Reach One or More Customer Segments.
Example:
Retailers, Catalogs, and Sales Force

14. Hybrid Marketing Channel (Fig. 11-4)

15. Changing Channel Organization
A Major Trend is Toward Disintermediation Which Means that Product and Service Producers are Bypassing Intermediaries and Going Directly to Final Buyers or That New Types of Channel Intermediaries are Emerging to Displace Traditional Ones.

16. Channel Design Decisions
Analyzing Consumer Service Needs
Setting Channel Objectives & Constraints
Identifying Major Alternatives
Channel Design Decisions
Evaluating the Major Alternatives
Designing International Distribution Channels
Responsibilities of
Intermediaries
Types of
Intermediaries
Number of
Intermediaries

17. Number of Marketing Intermediaries
Intensive
Distribution
Selective
Distribution
Exclusive
Distribution

18. Discussion Question
Decide which distribution strategy--intensive, selective, or exclusive--is used for the following products, and why:
Piaget watches,
Acura automobiles,
Snickers candy bars.
Piaget watches are priced as high as $500,000, so they require exclusive distribution in order to support the image and customer service required. Acura and most other car dealers use selective distribution to ensure that dealers will put a strong effort into selling the car. As a convenience good, Snickers candy bars, the best selling candy bar in America, are available practically everywhere.
Distribution channels influence and are influenced by a product's positioning. For example, a Whitman Sampler contains much the same product as a box of Godiva chocolates, but Godiva products are sold at a premium price in selected department stores and at "Godiva Chocolatiers," whereas inexpensive Whitman candies are sold in drugstores and grocery stores everywhere.

19. Channel Management Decisions
Selecting Channel Members
Channel Management Decisions
Motivating Channel Members
Evaluating Channel Members
FEEDBACK

20. Marketing Logistics and Supply Chain Management
Involves getting the right product to the right customers in the right place at the right time.
Marketing logistics addresses:
Outbound distribution,
Inbound distribution,
Reverse distribution,
Entire supply chain management.

21. Supply Chain Management (Fig. 11-5)

22. Goals of the Logistics System
Higher Distribution Costs;
Higher Customer Service Levels
Goal:
To Provide a Targeted Level of Customer Service
at the Least Cost.
Maximize Profits, Not Sales
Lower Distribution Costs;
Lower Customer Service Levels

23. Major Logistics Functions
Order Processing
Received
Processed
Shipped
Costs
Minimize Costs of
Attaining Logistics
Objectives
Logistics
Functions
Warehousing
Storage
Distribution
Automated
Transportation Rail, Truck, Water, Pipeline, Air, Intermodal
Inventory
When to order
How much to order
Just-in-time

24. Transportation Modes Rail Nation’s largest carrier, cost-effective
for shipping bulk products, piggyback
Truck
Flexible in routing & time schedules, efficient
for short-hauls of high value goods
Water
Low cost for shipping bulky, low-value,
non-perishable goods, slowest form
Pipeline
Ship petroleum, natural gas, and chemicals
from sources to markets
Air
High cost, ideal when speed is needed or
distance markets have to be reached

25. Integrated Logistics Management
Concept Recognizes that Providing Better Customer Service and Trimming Distribution Costs Requires Teamwork, Both Inside the Company and Among All the Marketing Channel Organizations.
Involves:
Cross-functional teamwork inside the company
Building channel partnerships
Third-party logistics

26. Toys “R” Us Partner
Western Publishing Group partners with Toys “R” Us to create mini-bookstore sections – called Books “R” Us –within each store.
This helps to build channel partnerships that benefit both companies.

27. Rest Stop: Reviewing the Concept
Explain why companies use distribution channels and discuss the functions these channels perform.
Discuss how channel members interact and how they organize to perform the work of the channel.
Identify the major channel alternatives open to a company.
Explain how companies select, motivate, and evaluate channel members.
Discuss the nature and importance of marketing logistics and supply chain management.