1. Chapter 15 APPLIED COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS Copyright ©2002 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. MICROECONOMIC THEORY BASIC PRINCIPLES AND EXTENSIONS EIGHTH EDITION WALTER NICHOLSON

2. Price Controls Sometimes the government may seek to control prices at below equilibrium levels –will lead to a shortage We can look at the changes in producer and consumer surplus from this policy to analyze its impact on welfare

3. Price Controls Quantity Price SS D LS P1P1 Q1Q1 Initially, the market is in long-run equilibrium at P 1, Q 1 Demand increases to D’ D’D’

4. Price Controls Quantity Price SS D LS P1P1 Q1Q1 D’D’ Firms would begin to enter the industry In the short run, price rises to P 2 P2P2 The price would end up at P 3 P3P3

5. Price Controls Quantity Price SS D LS P1P1 Q1Q1 D’D’ P3P3 There will be a shortage equal to Q 2 - Q 1 Q2Q2 Suppose that the government imposes a price ceiling at P 1

6. This gain in consumer surplus is the shaded rectangle Price Controls Quantity Price SS D LS P1P1 Q1Q1 D’D’ P3P3 Q2Q2 Some buyers will gain because they can purchase the good for a lower price

7. The shaded rectangle therefore represents a pure transfer from producers to consumers Price Controls Quantity Price SS D LS P1P1 Q1Q1 D’D’ P3P3 Q2Q2 The gain to consumers is also a loss to producers who now receive a lower price No welfare loss there

8. This shaded triangle represents the value of additional consumer surplus that would have been attained without the price control Price Controls Quantity Price SS D LS P1P1 Q1Q1 D’D’ P3P3 Q2Q2

9. This shaded triangle represents the value of additional producer surplus that would have been attained without the price control Price Controls Quantity Price SS D LS P1P1 Q1Q1 D’D’ P3P3 Q2Q2

10. This shaded area represents the total value of mutually beneficial transactions that are prevented by the government Price Controls Quantity Price SS D LS P1P1 Q1Q1 D’D’ P3P3 Q2Q2 This is a measure of the pure welfare costs of this policy

11. Disequilibrium Behavior Assuming that observed market outcomes are generated by Q(P 1 ) = min [Q D (P 1 ),Q S (P 1 )] suppliers will be content with the outcome but demanders will not This could lead to black markets