1. Supply and Demand Pricing and Market Equilibrium © 2002 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited

2. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 2 SUPPLY AND DEMAND TOGETHER Equilibrium refers to a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.

3. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 3 Equilibrium Equilibrium Price –The price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded. –On a graph, it is the price at which the supply and demand curves intersect. Equilibrium Quantity –The quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price. –On a graph it is the quantity at which the supply and demand curves intersect. Equilibrium Price –The price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded. –On a graph, it is the price at which the supply and demand curves intersect. Equilibrium Quantity –The quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price. –On a graph it is the quantity at which the supply and demand curves intersect.

4. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 4 At $2.00, the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied! Demand ScheduleSupply Schedule Equilibrium

5. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 5 Equilibrium price Demand Supply $2.00 68100 Equilibrium Equilibrium quantity Quantity of Ice- Cream Cones Price of Ice-Cream Cone 421357911 Figure 4-8: The Equilibrium of Supply and Demand

6. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 6 Equilibrium Surplus –When price > equilibrium price, then quantity supplied > quantity demanded. There is excess supply or a surplus. Suppliers will lower the price to increase sales, thereby moving toward equilibrium. Shortage –When price the quantity supplied. There is excess demand or a shortage. Suppliers will raise the price due to too many buyers chasing too few goods, thereby moving toward equilibrium. Surplus –When price > equilibrium price, then quantity supplied > quantity demanded. There is excess supply or a surplus. Suppliers will lower the price to increase sales, thereby moving toward equilibrium. Shortage –When price the quantity supplied. There is excess demand or a shortage. Suppliers will raise the price due to too many buyers chasing too few goods, thereby moving toward equilibrium.

7. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 7 Demand Supply $2.00 68100 Quantity of Ice- Cream Cones Price of Ice-Cream Cone 421357911 $2.50 Surplus Quantity Demanded Quantity Supplied Figure 4-9 a): Excess Supply

8. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 8 Demand Supply $2.00 68100 Quantity of Ice- Cream Cone Price of Ice-Cream Cone 421357911 $1.50 Shortage Quantity Supplied Quantity Demanded Figure 4-9 b): Excess Demand

9. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 9 Three Steps To Analyzing Changes in Equilibrium Decide whether the event shifts the supply or demand curve (or both). Decide whether the curve(s) shift(s) to the left or to the right. Use the supply-and-demand diagram to see how the shift affects equilibrium price and quantity. Example: A Heat Wave Decide whether the event shifts the supply or demand curve (or both). Decide whether the curve(s) shift(s) to the left or to the right. Use the supply-and-demand diagram to see how the shift affects equilibrium price and quantity. Example: A Heat Wave

10. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 10 D1D1 Supply $2.00 6100 Quantity of Ice- Cream Cone Price of Ice-Cream Cone 42135711 D2D2 $2.50 1. Hot weather increases the demand for ice cream… 2. … resulting in a higher price … 3. … and a higher quantity sold. New equilibrium Initial equilibrium Figure 4-10: How an Increase Demand Affects the Equilibrium

11. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 11 Demand S1S1 $2.00 100 Quantity of Ice- Cream Cones Price of Ice-Cream Cone 4213711 S2S2 $2.50 1. An earthquake reduces the supply of ice cream… 2. … resulting in a higher price … 3. … and a lower quantity sold. New equilibrium Initial equilibrium Figure 4-11: How a Decrease Demand Affects the Equilibrium

12. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 12 D1D1 S1S1 0 Quantity of Ice- Cream Cone Price of Ice-Cream Cone Q1Q1 D2D2 Large increase in demand P2P2 S2S2 Q2Q2 New equilibrium Small decrease in supply Initial equilibrium P1P1 Figure 4-12 a): A Shift in Both Supply and Demand

13. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 13 D1D1 S1S1 0 Quantity of Ice- Cream Cone Price of Ice-Cream Cone Q1Q1 D2D2 Large decrease in supply P2P2 S2S2 Q2Q2 New equilibrium Small increase in demand Initial equilibrium P1P1 Figure 4-12 b): A Shift in Both Supply and Demand

14. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 14 Table 4-8: What Happens to Price and Quantity when Supply or Demand Shifts

15. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 15 Concluding Remarks… Market economies harness the forces of supply and demand... Supply and Demand together determine the prices of the economy’s different goods and services... Prices in turn are the signals that guide the allocation of resources. Market economies harness the forces of supply and demand... Supply and Demand together determine the prices of the economy’s different goods and services... Prices in turn are the signals that guide the allocation of resources.

16. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 16 Summary Market equilibrium is determined by the intersection of the supply and demand curves. At the equilibrium price, the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. The behavior of buyers and sellers naturally drives markets toward their equilibrium. Market equilibrium is determined by the intersection of the supply and demand curves. At the equilibrium price, the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. The behavior of buyers and sellers naturally drives markets toward their equilibrium.

17. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4: Page 17 The End