1. CHANGING ROLES OF THE MILITARY

2. ASSIGNMENTS Smith, Democracy, ch. 3 Modern Latin America, ch. 13

3. PARENTHESIS: PRESIDENTIAL APPROVAL RATINGS Ricardo Martinelli (Panama)91% Mauricio Funes (El Salvador)84 Luis Inácio Lula da Silva (Brazil)83 Michelle Bachelet (Chile)81 Álvaro Uribe (Colombia)64 Tabaré Vásquez (Uruguay)61 Evo Morales (Bolivia)60 Felipe Calderón (Mexico)55

4. RATINGS (cont.) Fernando Lugo (Paraguay) 50% Barack Obama (USA) 48 Álvaro Colom (Guatemala)46 Oscar Arias (Costa Rica)44 Rafael Correa (Ecuador)42 Stephen Harper (Canada)32 Alan García (Peru)29 Daniel Ortega (Nicaragua)25 Cristina F. de Kirchner (Argentina)19

5. OUTLINE Questions Historical Perspective Self-Assumed Roles Missions and Coups Types of Military Regimes Approval Ratings Reflections on Central America Impacts of 9/11?

6. QUESTIONS What roles for the military in democratic (or democratizing) settings? What level (or type) of political power? Why accept any reduction in political influence? Issue: not necessarily coups, but civilian- military relations

7. ARMED FORCES OVER TIME Wars of independence (1810-1825) One element in triangle of power—church, economic elite, and military Path to upward mobility and political influence Duty: maintenance of internal order Impact of professionalization? Saber-rattling against neighboring countries, but without real war (especially in 20 th century)

8. Military Folklore: Forging Fatherlands Patterns of Participation Incidence of Coups Missions and Regimes Wars against Subversion The Democrats’ Dilemma: To Amnesty or Not? Argentina Chile

10. Military Regimes: Key Factors 1.Power structure: personalistic or collegial? 2.Institutional role of military in decision-making 3.Ideological orientation 4.Social base of civilian support

11. Prominent Military Regimes in Latin America Reformist/Inclusionary: Argentina1946-55 [judgment call here] Ecuador1963-66, 1972-78 Peru1968-80 Reactionary/Exclusionary: Argentina1966-73, 1976-83 Brazil1964-85 Chile1973-1989 Guatemala1963-85 Uruguay1973-84

12. Modes of Interaction: The Armed Forces and Democracy Military control: political subordination of nominally civilian governments to effective military control Military tutelage: participation of armed forces in general policy processes and military oversight of civilian authorities Conditional military subordination: abstention by the armed forces from overt intervention in political questions, while reserving the “right” to intervene in the name of national interests and security Civilian control: subordination of armed forces in political and policy terms to civilian authorities, usually including a civilian minister of defense

14. Levels of Trust in the Military, ca. 2000: Ecuador60% Venezuela54 Brazil53 Chile46 Uruguay44 Central America26 Note: “A lot” + “some”

17. IMPACTS OF 9/11? Involvement in war on drugs, and now… Emphasis on internal security Focus on borders From anti-subversion to anti-terrorism Renewal of U.S. support?