1. U.S. Foreign Policy in Latin America and The Move to the Left

2. Why get involved? ◦ Protect economic interests 1899 United Fruit Company goes into Nicaragua and Guatemala. By 1970 owned more land then anyone in Guatemala Others move into Latin America –Sears, Shell, Citigroup, Westinghouse and Coca-Cola ◦ Stop the infiltration of socialists and communist-fear of communism ◦ Improve conditions for the people

3. Cold war impact on Latin America Became involved to stop the spread of socialism and communism Increased aid to Latin America ◦ Military to stop socialist uprising (U.S. Backed Dictators) ◦ Financial to reduce poverty ◦ Little success Imperialism Secures U.S. interests Latin America becomes economically dependent

4. Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress Cooperation and trade instead of military intervention to promote stability and growth in the region International development program started by President Kennedy it aimed to strengthen democratic government and promote social and economic reforms US provided loans and aid built some schools and hospitals, but it was widely viewed as a failure Purpose to reduce military intervention

5. Military/Political involvement failure The focus had been to stop communism from spreading, even if it meant supporting dictators, democracy was never an end goal Problem: Latin America’s democracies seem to have institutions, but they weren’t representative. Result: Emergence of “delegative” democracies – where elected presidents “govern as he or she sees fit”. ◦ Absence of other institutions to check presidential power. ◦ Removes incentives to keep campaign promises. Economic involvement failure Neoliberal Policies had failed to deliver economic prosperity World Bank & IMF conditionality

6. U.S & Latin America Today The U.S. has “lost” Latin America Increasing “Anti-American” ideals? More Latin American countries have chosen left leaning governments hoping for change US is still the most important buyer of Latin American’s goods – 50%

7. The New Latin American Left Uruguay: Tabaré Vázquez Chile: Michelle Bachelet Brazil: Luis Inácio Lula Argentina: Néstor Kirchner Venezuela: Hugo Chávez Bolivia: Evo Morales Ecuador: Rafael Correa Nicaragua: Daniel Ortega The Move to the Left

8. The Rise of the Left Economic situation Debt Failure of the “Washington Consensus” Consolidation of democracy Demand for clean and accountable government

9. Emphasizes: ◦ social improvement vs. orthodox macroeconomic policy ◦ egalitarian distribution of wealth vs. free-market capitalism ◦ sovereignty vs. international cooperation Economic & Political inclusion State-led development Sovereignty & Nationalism Commitment to Democracy Participation Regional Cooperación & Integration Identity Environment The Left

10. Growth in Latin America

12. The Future Relations with China Are some Latin American countries becoming less democratic? Venezuela Bolivia Is growth sustainable?