1. China’s Bureaucrats Training System A Tale of Two Systems

2. Background Information China has a one-party system and the Communist Party controls the government. Two career tracks for Chinese bureaucrats – Political career pattern – expert career pattern Fusion of roles of politicians and bureaucrats in China

3. Bureaucrats Training in the Past Cadre training—Chinese Communist Party School System China’s cadre training dates back to the 1920s In 1924, Communist Party made its policy: “It is an urgent task to set up party schools to direct and train cadres.” Beijing Party School is the first party school in to train party members Party schools at different levels are the main forms of training cadres

4. Bureaucrats Training in the Past Cadre Training —Chinese Communist Party School System The party exercised the centralized and detailed control of the training, and the content of training focused on ideology. Training came apart from the realities, because the training does not shed light on the expertise of the position, especially for those technical positions. Cadre training later became a form of political reward, and a symbol of future political promotion. Officials have not enough incentives to learn more. The investment of training on cadres failed to be optimized.

5. Changes into two systems of Training Government’s shift of focus to economic development and the reforms of its personnel system. The old system impede the development of professional public servants to meet the need of social development. The rise of tech-bureaucrats in the third generation of leadership--represented by Jiang Zhemin and Hu Jintao.

6. Emergence of Civil Servant Training In 1984, China began drafting the Law on Government Personnel In 1986, China adopted Temporary Rules on Public Servants In 1993, China formally introduced the state public servant systems In 1993, Ministry of Personnel issued the Temporary Rules on Public Servant Training In 1994, State School of Administration and local school of administration system were set up

7. A Tale of Two systems Political Cadres Training – Mostly position-targeted Training – Focus on Ideology and party politics Civil Servants Training since 1993 – Initial training – Position-targeted training – Expertise training – Knowledge-renewing training

8. Central Communist Party School Provincial level, 3 months; Municipal level, 4 ½ months; County’s secretary level, 4 ½ month; State owned enterprises’ managers level,flexible; Middle-aged and young cadre, 1 or 2 years; Ethnical cadre from Sinkiang, Tibet and west areas, 1 or 2 years

9. Curriculum – Theory: Marxist and Leninism, Mao’s thought, Deng xiaoping’s theory – World view: modern world economy, technology and science, legal systems, military affairs and national defense, trend of thought – Strategic thought: combining teaching with development of situation, strengthening research and analysis on domestic and foreign reality and strategy – Communism culture: about carrying out the requirement of strengthening loyalty to communist party, knowing history and construction of communist party

10. Central Communist Party School Teaching objectives and methods are almost the same for different classes Seminar and workshop are varied for different class. – Provincial level focus on broader range problems with importance – Municipal and county’s secretary level focus on fundamental and universal problems from grass roots. Such as industrial structure adjustment, county-level enterprise reform, rural tax reform, villager election.

11. Middle-aged and Young Cadre Training established on 1980, 3334 students (up to 2001) Leaders who are promoted to committee and agencies of provincial, municipal level and central government departments must attend CCPS for 1 year training content: basic theory of Marxist and political principle of communist party. After 1995, middle-aged and young cadre class is exclusively for training backup provincial level echelon. recruiting objectives are municipal party and administrative leaders with outstanding political, academic quality and experience, but lack in systemic basic theory and strict political challenges. Internship, practical operation and seeing abroad

12. National School of Administration Central department-level public servant, 3 ½ months Local including provincial, municipal, and prefectural level public servant, 3 ½ months – public servant promoted to a deputy post in the past year, never received public servant position targeted training, younger than 50. Middle and executive managers of state owned enterprises, 1 month

13. National School of Administration Curriculum: emphasis on public administration public administration law economics political science Comprehensive: advanced technology, culture and history Class teaching as well as seminars, lectures, internship study, and practical operation

14. Characteristics of the Current Chinese Bureaucrats Training System Divergences of expertise and politicians training Official training is scarce political resource (a privilege rather than a right) Political and ideological influence on bureaucrats training. Bureaucrats training is still generalist oriented training. It influences the preference and behavior of bureaucrats. Bureaucrats favor party school training for promotion reasons.

15. Problems of the Current System Rigid public official management and low level of public official training. – 1988-1998, only 18% bureaucrats at governor level, and only 1.8% at major level took training. Public servant training lack continuation. It causes great impact on Chinese governmental effectiveness. Ex. big decision mistakes by head officials without expertise. Teachers lack practical experience, and textbooks are outdated.

16. New changes and future trend Ideological influence will gradually diminish in the civil servant training system. Cadre training system will still exist, but its role will be limited. Cultivating and improving comprehensive qualities and abilities of public servant will be the priority of the training system Training programs will be diversified to better train public officials. International Exchange and Cooperation will be further strengthened to raise the quality of China’s public servants

17. References: Shan, Aihong 2004, Present Situation, Problems, and Prospect of China’s Public Servant Training, International Journal of Public Administration Vol. 27, Nos 3&4 219-238, 2004 Yiu, Lichia Saner, Wu, Jiang &Raymond Saner 2000, Leadership Selection and Development in the Public Sector for the 21 st Century: Case Example of China, Presentation at the International Conference on “Challenges of 21 st Century” Shenzhen, China Straussman, D Jeffrey and Zhang, Mengzhong 1999, Chinese Administrative Reforms with British, American and Japanese Characteristics? the Fifth Public Management Research Conference, Bush School of Government and Public Service, Texas A&M University, College Station Introduction to Central Communist Party School of China (Chinese), People’s Daily www.people.com.cn/GB/paper83/3819/462405.html Li, Jincheng 2003, China’s Human Resources Development and Public Sector Reform Facing Economic Globalization, Institute of Administrative Science Ministry of Personnel Peoples Republic of China, Beijing China unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/ public/documents/EROPA/UNPAN014255.pdf Politicians and civil servants www.acad.polyu.edu.hk/~mstclam/Public%20Administration%20in%20China/bureaucracy. ppt

18. Thank You!