1. AGENT SOCIETIES

2. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 ? environment percepts actions sensors effectors agent Single  Multiple Agents

3. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Communication l Channel l Language l Protocol

4. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Self-organisation by social reasoning and communication 1. social reasoning  individual concepts about societies 1. purposeful emergence of a product (society) We address the 2 arising issues of… 2. consistent representation of the whole product (society) 2. communication  a means to agree on a common set of concepts … by using the 2 approaches:

5. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Communication communicate - “to make common” communicative action = “a social action oriented to reaching understanding” (Habermas)  understanding includes consensus! communication as a means for negotiation (Sycara) DADA DBDB DCDC consistent design goals Agent A Agent B Agent C Observer

6. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Consensus requires common ground Consensus is mutual knowledge about consistent goals Mutual knowledge as a basis for communities/organisations (result of establishing consensus) in the form of a shared set of values, norms, commitments etc. Mutual knowledge as a basis for communication (process of establishing consensus) in the form of a shared understanding of the context (goals, domain knowledge, language etc.) A and B mutually know that p, if (r) A knows that p and that r´ (r´) B knows that p and that r (Clark & Schaefer) Cognitive science - has proposed ways to avoid infinite recursion - refers to mutual knowledge as common ground

7. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Common ground for situated communication Common ground = the presuppositions that are taken for granted by an agent to be the shared background of the participants in the conversation established & increased through current and previous communication Common ground a notion subjective to the agent, grounded in its experience a social notion connecting the individually grounded experience to the other participant(s) (different participant(s) => different common ground) Common ground is a means to adapt communication to the specific agent (addressee & speaker)

8. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Common ground supports the generation of representations (messages) for a specific purpose (specific agent with specific knowledge/capabilities) Common ground thus makes communication more efficient than using static object schemas The concept of common ground can be embodied by situated design agents Common ground: A key for agent-based product modelling

9. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Society What is needed to form a society? l Common communication l Common values l Common expectations l Influence

10. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Group impact Individual agency has an entirely different group impact according to the particular global structures at the time of the action

11. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Group impact –cont.

12. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Group impact –cont.

13. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Group impact –cont.

14. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Group impact –cont.

15. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002

18. Forming societies

19. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002

20. Self-organisation: Example

21. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Self-organisation: Example

22. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Self-organisation: Example

23. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Self-organisation: Example

24. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Self-organisation: Example

25. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Self-organisation: Example

26. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Social reasoning Agent A (“shaft agent”) (expert in shafts (a)) Agent B (“gear agent”) (expert in gears (b)) Agent C (“bearing agent”) (expert in bearings (c)) DADA DBDB DCDC bac bcbcabab abcabc bac bcbcabab abcabcbac bcbcabab abcabc Agents construct a design state space (D) relating to the whole design

27. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Curious art evolver

28. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Modelling Interest Berlyne’s model of arousal based on novelty using Wundt curve

29. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 (interactive Genetic Art III)

30. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Different novelty preferences

31. 4.209 Agent Societies Fall 2002 Situated Creative Designing  Design agents send “artworks” that they find interesting to other agents.  If other design agents find the artwork interesting they send back a an expression of interest.  To be considered creative, design agents have to innovate in ways that other design agents can appreciate.  Design agents that develop the same interests in the space of possibilities form emergent “cliques”.     Emergent society of creative agents ( after Saunders and Gero)