1. CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL GROUP LEARNING Raja C. Bandaranayake

2. TEACHING APPROACHES toTalk to students withTalk with students togetherHave them talk together howShow students how SuperviseSupervise them practiceProvide opportunities for practice (Abrahamson)

3. TEACHING METHODS Lectures Tutorials (including PBL) Seminars Symposia Clinico-pathological Conferences (CPC) Demonstrations Practical work Clinical teaching rounds Ambulatory teaching Self-learning packages Role-play...

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GROUP collection  A collection of individuals common purpose  Who have a common purpose interact  And interact with each other

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EFFECTIVE GROUP Non-threatening atmosphere Clear understanding of task Participation by all Pertinent contributions Freedom to express views & feelings Disagreements not suppressed Lack of domination by leader or facilitator Criticisms frank, open & constructive Decisions by consensus Assignments made, accepted and completed

6. STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT 1.FORMING Uncertainty Getting acquainted Laying down procedure 2.STORMING Rebelling & differentiating Conflicts as group influence resisted 3.NORMING Establishing cohesiveness Accepting commitment & task ownership Setting norms for appropriate behaviour 4.PERFORMING Functioning maturely & productively Proficiency in goal achievement

7. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING The learning undertaken by students in response to being confronted by a clinical or community problem [“Here is a problem; learn from it.”]

8. PROBLEM SOLVING The process of solving a problem, using existing knowledge [“Learn this first, and you will be able to solve problems.”]

9. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING A B C

10. STEPS IN PBL Students presented with a problem Analyse the problem Develop some hypotheses about its existence Identify what further information is needed and questions to be asked Pool the information they possess through discussion

11. STEPS IN PBL (contd.) Identify gaps in their combined knowledge Undertake individual study to find answers to questions raised Apply newly acquired knowledge to the original problem to solve it Apply newly acquired knowledge to solve other related problems

12. ADVANTAGES OF PBL Practise a logical, analytical approach Activate existing knowledge Elaborate new knowledge Acquire new learning in context Learn in an integrated manner Practise application of new learning Practise critical reasoning Practise self-directed learning Practise communication skills Practise team-work

13. SMALL GROUP ACTIVITIES: ADVANTAGES Permits more interaction Facilitates evaluation Students are active Enables problem-solving

14. SMALL GROUP ACTIVITIES: DISADVANTAGES Costly in staff time Physical resources required Greatly influenced by total number of students Requires more time in the schedule

16. PROBLEM 1 You are a teacher with a group of five students. Two members of the group are trying to be the leader of the group. In the process, they are arguing with each other, and the other group members are silent. You are concerned that the group is not achieving its task. What would you do?

17. PROBLEM 2 You are a teacher in a group of five students. One student is very silent, and has not contributed to the discussion, even though half the time allotted for the group activity has been spent. What would you do?

18. PROBLEM 3 You are a teacher in a group of ten students, meeting for the first time. The students have been given a topic one week ago to prepare for today’s discussion. However, there is total silence. What would you do?

19. PROBLEM 4 You are a teacher in a group of 6 students. One member is an aggressive, dominating individual, tries to control the group and direct attention to himself at the expense of accomplishing the group task. He is constantly critical, deflates others and keeps interrupting. What would you do?

20. PROBLEM 5 You are a teacher in a group of 4 students which has been meeting regularly for some time. One member constantly comes late to the group discussions and has occasionally failed to show up. He always gives an excuse for his tardiness or absence. He tells you that he is accomplishing the task in a different way from the rest of the group. What would you do?

21. PROBLEM 6 You are a teacher in a group of 6 students. One member is constantly blocking the progress of the group. He goes off at a tangent and talks about unrelated personal experiences. He continues to argue about a point which has just been resolved. What would you do?

23. A JOURNEY ON MARS: THE PROBLEM Your group has just landed at Point A on Mars. This is your first visit, and you have a map with you. You wish to get from Point A to Point C, but you must pass through Point B, as there is no other road. The electrically powered extra-terrestrial vehicle (ETV) which you brought with you has enough power to last a journey of 20 hours only. You must be sure to come back to where your space capsule has landed, so that you can return to Earth. Otherwise you will be stranded on the inhospitable Mars surface indefinitely. Unfortunately, the map you have with you has Mars units on it, which makes it very difficult to work out your power situation. Distance is given in lutts and mipps, while time is indicated in wors and mirs. Before you left Earth you were given some instruction on Mars units. However, due to the extraordinarily long time it took you to reach Mars, each of you has forgotten some of the knowledge you gained from the Mars course. Fortunately, different members of your group remember different bits of knowledge. The cards which each of you has indicate the knowledge you possess. You can only solve your predicament by seeking relevant information, through asking relevant questions from each other. (Some of the information you have may be irrelevant to this particular problem). You should then be able to pool the information you have and determine whether you have enough power to travel to Point C through Point B, and back to the space capsule. How long will it take you to travel from A to C through B and back to A through B?

24. A JOURNEY ON MARS: INFORMATION A JOURNEY ON MARS: INFORMATION 1 lutt is equal to 20 kilometres 4 lutts are equal to 1 mipp The distance from A to C, as the crow flies, is 5 mipps The distance from A to B by road is 300 kilometres The distance from B to C by road is 10 lutts It will take your group half an hour to complete your work at Point C 1 mir is equal to 4 minutes There are 120 mirs in 1 wor The average speed at which you can travel from A to B is 10 mipps per wor It will take you 5 hours to travel from B to C

25. A JOURNEY ON MARS: INFORMATION (continued) A JOURNEY ON MARS: INFORMATION (continued) On the return journey from C to A through B, it will take you one hour less than the onward journey from A to C through B There are no crows on Mars There are no petrol stations on Mars The space capsule has taken 1200 days to reach Mars from Earth The return journey from Earth to Mars will take 100 days less than the journey from Earth to Mars There are 60 minutes in 1 hour The road from A to B is flat and straight The road from B to C is hilly and winding There are 1.6 kilometres in a mile The batteries in your ETV can only be recharged in the space capsule

26. A JOURNEY ON MARS: THE SOLUTION 15.5 hours A JOURNEY ON MARS: THE SOLUTION A to B = 300 km @ 10 mipp per wor = 300 km @ 40 lutts per 120 mirs = 300 km @ 800 km per 480 minutes = 300 km @ 800 km per 8 hours = 300 km @ 100 km per hour = 3 hours B to C = 5 hours Time for work at C= 0.5 hours C to B to A = (5+3-1)= 7 hours Total time taken= 15.5 hours

28. ADULT LEARNERS discoveryEnjoy discovery - problem-centred relevanceValue relevance to daily work questionsAsk questions and seek answers experienceBring in much experience peersReinforced by peers feedbackEnhanced by feedback applySeek opportunities to apply new learning