1. GORBACHEV AND REFORM

2. THE END OF BREZHNEV  Brezhnev’s death long anticipated  Increasingly infirm & senile  Died Nov. 10, 1982 GORBACHEV AND REFORM

3. INTERREGNUM  Succeeded by IURII ANDROVPOV, 1982  Former head of KGB  Attempted limited reform  But died after only 15 months in office GORBACHEV AND REFORM

4.  Next leader = KONSTANTIN CHERNENKO, 1984  Brezhnev protégé  Even older & sicker than Andropov  In absence, MIKHAIL GORBACHEV took on many leadership duties INTERREGNUM

5. GORBACHEV AND REFORM USSR UNDER GORBACHEV (1985-1991)  A New Leadership Style  Young, confident, charismatic  Good on TV  Very popular in West

6. GORBACHEV AND REFORM USSR UNDER GORBACHEV (1985-1991)  First Reforms: The Economy  Tightened labor discipline  Tried to combat poor quality & corruption  Restricted sale of vodka

7. GORBACHEV AND REFORM USSR UNDER GORBACHEV (1985-1991)  GLASNOST  New “openness”  Meant to bolster economic reforms  Challenged official secrecy & Party monopoly Chernobyl disaster Andrei Sakharov

8. GORBACHEV AND REFORM USSR UNDER GORBACHEV (1985-1991)  PERESTROIKA  “Restructuring”  Some elements of market economy  Some measure of democracy

9. GORBACHEV AND REFORM SOVIET CULTURE  Effects of Glasnost’  Open discussion of everything  End of dissident repression  Reassessment of history  End of Party interference with art & literature  Publication of previously banned books