1. Minerals and Vitamins Galen Erickson

2. Calcium and Phosphorus Chapter 5, 96 NRC pp 54-74 Brief metabolism Importance Ca:P ratios Requirements, sources

3. CalciumDMIADGF:G Trial 1.3518.53.155.93.7017.93.125.79 % change-3.4-.95-2.36 Trial 2.3515.32.227.11.7015.82.336.88 % change2.874.95-3.23 Trial 3.3519.02.517.59.7018.82.557.38 % change-1.161.59-2.77 AVG of 5 trials (1&2 at Ibarn, 3,4,5 at feedlot) % change-.691.4-2.6 Performance-Ca (UNL)

4. .35.70 SEP< DMI (lbs) 24.423.9.46NS ADG (lbs/d) 3.883.50.13.04 G/F (ADG/DMI).159.145.004.02 FE6.296.90 n=30, limestone as only supplemental Ca source DMI (-2.1%); ADG (-10.9%); F:G (+8.8%) Performance-Ca

5. Faulty paradigms Ca:P ratio in bone (2.1:1) = requirement of diet P requirement =.35% young calves require same as typical feedlot cattle Phytate P is unavailable to feedlot cattle SUM ALL THEM, OVERFEEDING P

6. Ca:P ratios Wise et al. (1963, J Nutr.) Ca, %.27.27.27.81.81.812.432.432.43 P, %.17.34.68.17.34.68.17.34.68 Ca:P 1.6.8.444.82.41.214.37.23.6 ADG.67.50.28.71.69.63.49.66.50 DMI3.63.42.73.43.53.53.23.63.4 F:G5.66.714.64.85.15.96.55.56.9 Conclusion: Stay between 1.5:1 and 7:1 agrees with Ricketts et al., 1970 Problems with high Ca and high P? OPTIMUM = 2:1 to 4:1

7. Phosphorus Nutrition  NRC cites Ellenberger, 1950  Reasons for overfeeding ú extremely important metabolic nutrient ú monogastrics can’t utilize phytate ú previous work with small calves(< 500lbs) ú hard to measure, 80% of stores in bone

8. Phosphorus Nutrition M.B. Coehlo, BASF

9. Metabolism Tremendous stores of Ca & P Creates challenges for us, good for animal Hormonal control of stores, sensitivity from circulating concentrations, PTH, calcitonin, and vit. D Absorption (digestibility) is relatively low NRC50% for CaAFRC 68% for Ca 68% for P 64% or 70% for P Functions of P:

10. ‘96 NRC references Ellenberger, 1950 for P requirement of gain as 3.9 g P / 100 g protein gain NRC references various authors (‘58,’59,’88,&’89) for P maintenance requirement as 16 mg P / kg BW Both assume 68% ‘true’ absorption Cromwell (JAS ‘95,2000; ‘95,449; ‘94,2653) with valid assumption that total ash is proportional to bone P due to non-discrimation during resorption Estimate requirement ~.20 % with this type of animal (dependent on BW, age, and intake) Prehistoric research-P

11. P requirements P intake Ex. ADG x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x NRC predicts requirements from.22 to.32% of diet DM

13. Feed efficiency, ADG/DMI Erickson et al., 1999 J. Anim. Sci. NRC recommendation P requirements

14. Feed efficiency, ADG/DMI NRC recommendation Industry average Erickson et al., 2002 J. Anim. Sci. P requirements

15. Erickson et al., 1999 and 2002 J. Anim. Sci. P require bone data Cromwell (JAS ‘95,2000; ‘95,449; ‘94,2653) with valid assumption that total ash is proportional to bone P due to non-discrimation during resorption

16. % P (DM basis) g/d P require-calves 9.7 11.6 17.9 24.3 34.1 Erickson et al., 2001 Midwest abstract

17. Plasma Erickson et al., 2002 J. Anim. Sci.

18. Performance Feed efficiency, ADG/DMI Giesert et al., 2004 Nebraska Beef Report

19. P requirements Giesert et al., 2004 Nebraska Beef Report

20. P requirements Giesert et al., 2004 Nebraska Beef Report

21. .27.35.52.59 Dietary P examples

22. .27.35.52.59 Dietary P examples NRC Our data

23. Conclusions Recommended levels –.5 to.7 % Ca – no supplemental P if diet >.25 % – if byproducts, the diet range will be.25 to.5 % – Ca:P ratios between 1.25:1 and 3:1 Need supplemental Ca (limestone) P should never be supplemented – based on work here; Call et al., 1978; Burroughs et al., 1956; Long et al., 1956; Ellenberger et al., 1950; and 1996 NRC

24. Does the requirement matter? NRC requirement is high Industry is markedly overfeeding (relative to requirement) P should never be supplemented – based on work here; Call et al., 1978; Burroughs et al., 1956; Long et al., 1956; Ellenberger et al., 1950; and 1996 NRC – What options are left? P conclusions

25. “Average” diet (Galyean & Gleghorn, 2001) AVGMINMAX DMD 80 7085 OMD 83 7388 CP 13.3 12.514.0 P 0.31 0.250.50* Ca 0.70 0.600.90 K 0.74 0.601.00 S 0.19 0.100.34 Na 0.14 0.100.20 Approach

26. NRC requirements vs. corn amount %NRCCornNote Ca 0.35 (.6-.7).02add! P.25never add! K 0.60.44 (.06) Na 0.08.10 (.05)salt? Mg 0.10.12 (.03) S 0.15-0.40.11 (.02)too much? Distillers very high in P, K, Na, and S Macro minerals

27. NRC requirements vs. corn amount ppmNRCCornNote Co.10 B12 Cu 10 2.51 (1.98)add I.5 add Fe 50 54.5 (43.2)excesses? Mn 20 add Zn 30 24.2 (11.1)add Se.10.14 (.12)add Micro minerals

28. Vitamin A: 2,200 IU/kg DMI – feedlot cattle 1000 IU/lb Vitamin D: synthesized under normal conditions requirement: 275 IU/kg of feed Vitamin E: 25 IU/kg 10 IU/lb Vitamins