3. Variations of tree ring widths  climate variations

4. Coral cores  surface salinity records of last 100+ years

5. Vostok – a station on Antarctica: Analysis of ice and gas bubbles trapped in ice yields past climate history of last 460,000 years Temperature Departure (K)

6. A. Stream B. Running water carves a V- shaped valley C.Glaciers grow and push downhill. Focus grinding energy on the insides of bends. D. U-shaped valley Geomorphologic records of past climate

7. V-shaped Valley U-shaped Valley

8. Cores of Ocean Sediments:

9. The Burgess Shale is an exceptional Middle Cambrian age (about 540 million years ago) fossil locality located in Yoho National Park in the Rocky Mountains, near Field, British Columbia, Canada. The locality is special because of the soft-bodied preservation of a wide diversity of fossil invertebrate animals. The locality has been intensely studied since its discovery in 1909 by Charles Walcott, and has been declared a World Heritage Site. A popular introduction to the Burgess Shale can be found in Steven J. Gould's book, "Wonderful Life". Trilobite Ottoia – a carnivorous worm

10. Banded Iron Formation: Clues to ancient atmospheric composition Banded Iron formations occur in Proterozoic rocks, ranging in age from 1.8 to 2.5 billion years old. They are composed of alternating layers of iron-rich material (commonly magnetite) and silica (chert). Each layer is relatively thin, varying in thickness from a millimeter or so up to several centimeters.