1. Behavior Modification The Start to a Better You Brenda Hatley Trisha Abad Ana Maria Barrera Charles Charanghat

2. What is a Personality? What is a Personality? Theories of Human Behavior Theories of Human Behavior Behavior Modification Programs Behavior Modification Programs Behavior Modification Model Behavior Modification Model “Any Dog Can Become an Elephant” “Any Dog Can Become an Elephant” Tips and Suggestions Tips and Suggestions Group Activity Group Activity What we will be covering:

3. Psychological Perspective Behavior as a component of personality Behavior as a component of personality – Personality is made up of 3 factors: 1. Values 2. Attitudes 3. Behavior

4. Values Abstract concepts of importance that are made tangible through objects that symbolize their value Abstract concepts of importance that are made tangible through objects that symbolize their value – Education- symbolized by books and diploma Adopt early in life by emulating figures of authority Adopt early in life by emulating figures of authority – Parents, siblings, school teachers Hierarchy of values (Milton Rokeach, 1972) Hierarchy of values (Milton Rokeach, 1972) – Two levels 1. Instrumental values “core” to the meaning of the individual“core” to the meaning of the individual 2. Terminal values Important constructs that lend support to the core valuesImportant constructs that lend support to the core values

5. Attitudes Each value may carry with it hundreds of attitudes Each value may carry with it hundreds of attitudes Beliefs, perceptions, and feelings based on a specific value Beliefs, perceptions, and feelings based on a specific value – Often expressed as opinions Can be positive or negative Can be positive or negative – Negative attitudes are associated with perceived stress

6. Behaviors Physical manifestations of an attitude based on a specific value Physical manifestations of an attitude based on a specific value –Clapping your hands at the end of a concert Any action, direct or indirect, that is based on a conscious or unconscious thought Any action, direct or indirect, that is based on a conscious or unconscious thought Have been shown to be the most likely modified or favorably altered factor to improve health status Have been shown to be the most likely modified or favorably altered factor to improve health status

7. Theories of Human Behavior Behavior Modification Behavior Modification –Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov) Behavior is specific to physiological autonomic functions Behavior is specific to physiological autonomic functions Animals become conditioned to specific stimuli to act a specific way Animals become conditioned to specific stimuli to act a specific way –Dogs salivate when they hear bell associated with food –Running water and going to the bathroom

8. Theories of Human Behavior (cont’d) Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner) Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner) –Voluntary behaviors that we have conscious control over –Good behavior rewarded and bad behavior is disciplined Positively reinforced = repeated behavior Positively reinforced = repeated behavior Punishment = deter unbecoming behavior Punishment = deter unbecoming behavior

9. Theories Of Human Behavior (cont’d) Modeling (Imitation) Modeling (Imitation) –The ability to imitate our behaviors from the observation of others No direct reinforcement is given No direct reinforcement is given

10. Behavior Modification Programs Negative Health Habits Negative Health Habits –Alcoholism, eating disorders, smoking Behavioral Addictions Behavioral Addictions –Workaholic, shopping Lifestyle improvement changes Lifestyle improvement changes –Time management and assertiveness GOAL: Building and maintaining self-esteem GOAL: Building and maintaining self-esteem

11. Behavior Modification in the Treatment of Obesity The assessment of behavior modification was carried out in a day-care program for the treatment of obesity. Duration of treatment was 3 months. Thirty-two patients, all at least 20% overweight, comprised the study group. Median age of the behavior therapy patients was 39 (range 22-61); that of the control group was 44 (range 15-61).

12. Steps of Experiment: 1.Description of the Behavior to be Controlled  Patients were asked to keep a daily log of what they ate. 2.Modification and Control of the Discriminatory Eating 2.Modification and Control of the Discriminatory Stimuli Governing Eating  Patients were asked to eat in only one location, to use triggers like uniquely colored table settings, and to only eat during meal times 3.Development of Techniques which Control the Act of Eating  To become more aware of the speed of their eating, patients were asked to count their bites and to put down their utensils every third bite. 4.Prompt Reinforcement of Behaviors which Delay or Control Eating  Implemented positive and negative reinforcement. Positive: points were earned for sticking to the program which earned a monetary prize.Positive: points were earned for sticking to the program which earned a monetary prize. Negative: after eating a snack food patients were to drink caster oilNegative: after eating a snack food patients were to drink caster oil

13. Effectiveness Each of two groups treated with behavior modification lost more weight than a matched control group treated with traditional group therapy. 13% of the patients treated by behavior modification lost more than 40 pounds and 53% lost more than 20 pounds, results which rank with the best in the medical literature. We conclude that behavior modification may represent a significant advance in the treatment of obesity. – –Sydnor B. Penick, MD, Ross Filion, PhD, Sonja Fox and Albert J. Stunkard, MD

14. The Behavior Modification Model One Precursory Phase (Denial) One Precursory Phase (Denial) –Refuse to admit to their unhealthy behavior Five Distinct Systematic Stages Five Distinct Systematic Stages 1.Awareness 2.Desire to Change 3.Cognitive Restructuring 4.Behavioral Substitution 5.Evaluation

15. Five Distinct Systematic Stages 1. Awareness Learning to become aware of a specific behavior in the effort to change itLearning to become aware of a specific behavior in the effort to change it Stress-producing habits Stress-producing habits 2. Desire to Change No change will occur without itNo change will occur without it “hit bottom”“hit bottom” 3. Cognitive Restructuring Catch yourself in the act and think of new alternativeCatch yourself in the act and think of new alternative Self-dialogue recognizing current and pending behaviorSelf-dialogue recognizing current and pending behavior 4. Behavioral Substitution Substituting a new (positive) behavior for a less desirable oneSubstituting a new (positive) behavior for a less desirable one Not just substitution, but addition to behaviorNot just substitution, but addition to behavior 5. Evaluation “Step back”“Step back” See what worked/didn’t work and fine-tune the processSee what worked/didn’t work and fine-tune the process

16. So Remember: Any Dog Can Become an Elephant! Awareness Awareness Desire to Change Desire to Change Cognitive Restructuring Cognitive Restructuring Behavioral Substitution Behavioral Substitution Evaluation Evaluation

17. Tips and Suggestions Journal Writing Journal Writing Behavioral Substitution (Mental Imagery) Behavioral Substitution (Mental Imagery) Relaxation techniques may be additions to behavior substitutions Relaxation techniques may be additions to behavior substitutions Alter one behavior at a time Alter one behavior at a time Do Not wait until January 1 st Do Not wait until January 1 st