1. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL1 Basic SQL SELECT Statements

2. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL2 Chapter Objectives Distinguish between an RDBMS and an ORDBMS Identify keywords, mandatory clauses, and optional clauses in a SELECT statement Select and view all columns of a table Select and view one column of a table

3. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL3 Chapter Objectives Display multiple columns of a table Use a column alias to clarify the contents of a particular column Perform basic arithmetic operations in the SELECT clause

4. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL4 Chapter Objectives Remove duplicate lists, using either the DISTINCT or UNIQUE keyword Combine fields, literals, and other data Format output

5. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL5 Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) An RDBMS is the software program used to create the database and it allows you to enter, manipulate, and retrieve data

6. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL6 Object Relational Database Management System (ORDBMS) Same as an RDBMS except it can be used to reference objects such as maps and object fields

7. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL7 SELECT Statement Syntax SELECT statements are used to retrieve data from the database Syntax gives the basic structure, or rules, for a command

8. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL8 SELECT Statement Syntax Optional clauses and keywords are shown in brackets

9. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL9 SELECT Statement Syntax SELECT and FROM clauses are required SELECT clause identifies column(s) FROM clause identifies table(s) Each clause begins with a keyword

10. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL10 Selecting All Data in a Table Substitute an asterisk for the column names in a SELECT clause

11. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL11 Selecting One Column from a Table Enter column name in SELECT clause

12. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL12 Selecting Multiple Columns from a Table Separate column names with a comma

13. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL13 Operations Within the SELECT Statement Column alias can be used for column headings Perform arithmetic operations Suppress duplicates Concatenate data

14. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL14 Column Alias List after column heading AS keyword is optional Enclose in double quotation marks: –If it contains blank space(s) –If it contains special symbol(s) –To retain case

15. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL15 Column Alias Example

16. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL16 Arithmetic Operations Executed left to right Multiplication and division are solved first Addition and subtraction are solved last Override order with parentheses

17. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL17 Example Arithmetic Operation with Column Alias

18. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL18 Suppressing Duplicates Enter DISTINCT or UNIQUE after SELECT keyword

19. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL19 Concatenation Can combine data with string literal Use concatenation operator, || Allows use of column alias

20. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL20 Concatenation Example

21. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL21 Purpose of Joins Joins are used to link tables and reconstruct data in a relational database Joins can be created through: –Conditions in a WHERE clause –Use of JOIN keywords in FROM clause

22. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL22 Cartesian Join Created by omitting joining condition in the WHERE clause or through CROSS JOIN keywords in the FROM clause Results in every possible row combination (m * n)

23. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL23 Cartesian Join Example: Omitted Condition

24. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL24 Cartesian Join Example: CROSS JOIN Keywords

25. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL25 Equality Join Links rows through equivalent data that exists in both tables Created by: –Creating equivalency condition in the WHERE clause –Using NATURAL JOIN, JOIN…USING, or JOIN…ON keywords in the FROM clause

26. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL26 Equality Join: WHERE Clause Example

27. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL27 Equality Join: NATURAL JOIN Syntax: tablename NATURAL JOIN tablename

28. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL28 Equality Join: JOIN…USING Syntax: tablename JOIN tablename USING (columnname)

29. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL29 Equality Join: JOIN…ON Syntax: tablename JOIN tablename ON condition

30. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL30 JOIN Keyword Overview Use NATURAL JOIN when tables have one column in common Use JOIN…USING when tables have more than one column in common Use JOIN…ON when a condition is needed to specify a relationship other than equivalency Using JOIN keyword frees the WHERE clause for exclusive use in restricting rows

31. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL31 Non-Equality Joins In WHERE clause, use any comparison operator other than equal sign In FROM clause, use JOIN…ON keywords with non-equivalent condition

32. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL32 Non-Equality Join: WHERE Clause Example

33. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL33 Non-Equality Join: JOIN…ON Example

34. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL34 Self-Joins Used to link a table to itself Requires use of column qualifier

35. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL35 Self-Join: WHERE Clause Example

36. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL36 Self-Join: JOIN…ON Example

37. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL37 Outer Joins // Use to include rows that do not have a match in the other table In WHERE clause, include outer join operator (+) next to table with missing rows to add NULL rows In FROM clause, use FULL, LEFT, or RIGHT with OUTER JOIN keywords

38. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL38 Outer Join: WHERE Clause Example

39. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL39 Outer Join: OUTER JOIN Keyword Example

40. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL40 Set Operators XX Used to combine the results of two or more SELECT statements

41. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL41 Set Operator Example

42. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL42 Joining Three or More Tables Same procedure as joining two tables Will always results in one less join than the number of tables being joined

43. Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL43 Joining Three or More Tables: Example