1. 1 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved. Writing Basic SQL SELECT Statements

2. 1-2 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved. Objectives After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: List the capabilities of SQL SELECT statements Execute a basic SELECT statement Differentiate between SQL statements and i SQL*Plus commands

3. 1-3 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved. Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements Selection Projection Table 1 Table 2 Table 1 Join

4. 1-4 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved. Basic SELECT Statement SELECT*|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...} FROMtable; SELECT*|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...} FROMtable; SELECT identifies what columns FROM identifies which table

5. 1-5 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved. SELECT * FROM departments; Selecting All Columns

6. 1-6 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved. Selecting Specific Columns SELECT department_id, location_id FROM departments;

7. 1-7 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved. Arithmetic Expressions Create expressions with number and date data by using arithmetic operators. Operator + - * / Description Add Subtract Multiply Divide

8. 1-8 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved. Using Arithmetic Operators SELECT last_name, salary, salary + 300 FROM employees; …

9. 1-9 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved. Operator Precedence Multiplication and division take priority over addition and subtraction. Operators of the same priority are evaluated from left to right. Parentheses are used to force prioritized evaluation and to clarify statements. ** //++__

10. 1-10 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved. Operator Precedence SELECT last_name, salary, 12*salary+100 FROM employees; …

11. 1-11 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved. Using Parentheses SELECT last_name, salary, 12*(salary+100) FROM employees; …

12. 1-12 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved. Defining a Null Value A null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned, unknown, or inapplicable. A null is not the same as zero or a blank space. SELECT last_name, job_id, salary, commission_pct FROM employees; … …

13. 1-13 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved. SELECT last_name, 12*salary*commission_pct FROM employees; Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions Arithmetic expressions containing a null value evaluate to null. … …

14. 1-14 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved. Defining a Column Alias A column alias: Renames a column heading

15. 1-15 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved. Using Column Aliases SELECT last_name "Name", salary*12 "Annual Salary" FROM employees; SELECT last_name AS name, commission_pct comm FROM employees; … …

16. 1-16 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved. Concatenation Operator A concatenation operator: Concatenates columns or character strings to other columns Is represented by two vertical bars (||)

17. 1-17 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved. Using the Concatenation Operator SELECTlast_name||job_id AS "Employees" FROM employees; …

18. 1-18 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved. Literal Character Strings A literal is a character, a number, or a date included in the SELECT list. Date and character literal values must be enclosed within single quotation marks. Each character string is output once for each row returned.

19. 1-19 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved. Using Literal Character Strings SELECT last_name||' is a '||job_id AS "Employee Details" FROM employees; …

20. 1-20 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved. Duplicate Rows The default display of queries is all rows, including duplicate rows. SELECT department_id FROM employees; SELECT department_id FROM employees; …

21. 1-21 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved. Eliminating Duplicate Rows Eliminate duplicate rows by using the DISTINCT keyword in the SELECT clause. SELECT DISTINCT department_id FROM employees;