2. TLSE 456/7 Overview of Disabilities UnderIDEA

3. Learning Disabilities

4. IDEA Definition “ a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language… (Psychological processes are memory, perception, attention, etc.) “ a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language… (Psychological processes are memory, perception, attention, etc.)

5. continued that may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do math calculations…” that may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do math calculations…”

6. Discrepancy Compare IQ level on IQ test with achievement test scores (historically) Compare IQ level on IQ test with achievement test scores (historically) New approach: RTI (responsiveness to intervention) (IDEA, 2004) New approach: RTI (responsiveness to intervention) (IDEA, 2004)

7. Some Characteristics Some Characteristics Difficulty in understanding and following directions Difficulty in understanding and following directions Short attention span Short attention span Difficulty with handwriting and fine motor skills Difficulty with handwriting and fine motor skills Visual or auditory memory Visual or auditory memory Memorizing words or basic math facts Memorizing words or basic math facts Difficulty allocating time and organizing work Difficulty allocating time and organizing work

8. Some Characteristics Some Characteristics Difficulty in understanding and following directions Difficulty in understanding and following directions Short attention span Short attention span Difficulty with handwriting and fine motor skills Difficulty with handwriting and fine motor skills Visual or auditory memory Visual or auditory memory Memorizing words or basic math facts Memorizing words or basic math facts Difficulty allocating time and organizing work Difficulty allocating time and organizing work

9. Communication Disorders

10. involves SpeechLanguage

11. Speech Disorder Difficulty producing sounds as well as distortions in voice quality or fluency of speech Difficulty producing sounds as well as distortions in voice quality or fluency of speech

12. Language Disorder Difficulty receiving, understanding, and formulating ideas and information Difficulty receiving, understanding, and formulating ideas and information

13. Speech Language Pathologists Assesses speech and language Assesses speech and language Provides therapy Provides therapy Act as consultant to others Act as consultant to others Monitor progress Monitor progress

14. Mental Retardation

15. IDEA “Significantly sub-average intellectual functioning existing with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period (before 18”… “Significantly sub-average intellectual functioning existing with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period (before 18”…

16. Mental Functioning MildIQ 50 – 70 or 75 MildIQ 50 – 70 or 75 ModerateIQ 35 – 49 ModerateIQ 35 – 49 SevereIQ 20 – 34 SevereIQ 20 – 34 ProfoundIQ <20 ProfoundIQ <20

17. Adaptive Behavior Skills learned by people in order to function in everyday life Skills learned by people in order to function in everyday life

18. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

19. TBI – IDEA Definition “Acquired injury to the brain caused by an external force that adversely affects a child’s educational performance and results in partial functional disability, psychosocial impairment or both….” “Acquired injury to the brain caused by an external force that adversely affects a child’s educational performance and results in partial functional disability, psychosocial impairment or both….”

20. TBI can be due to….. Closed Injury Closed Injury Open Injury Open Injury

21. Areas Typically Affected Cognition Cognition Language Language Memory Memory Attention Attention Reasoning Reasoning Abstract Thinking Abstract Thinking Judgment Judgment Information Processing Information Processing Speech Speech

22. Possible Physical Changes Nothing to serious Nothing to serious 20% - Seizures; often subside 20% - Seizures; often subside Spasticity or paralysis Spasticity or paralysis Coordination problems Coordination problems Physical weakness Physical weakness Fatigue Fatigue Some strength resumes as brain heals Some strength resumes as brain heals

23. Physical Changes continued Headaches Headaches Visual/hearing issues Visual/hearing issues Changes in senses Changes in senses

24. Possible Cognitive Changes Comprehension Comprehension Problem solving Problem solving Concentration Concentration Long and short term memory Long and short term memory Information processing Information processing Poor judgment Poor judgment

25. Possible Linguistic Changes Receptive language Receptive language Written language Written language Aphasia (inability to use language appropriately) Aphasia (inability to use language appropriately) Word finding issues Word finding issues Most speech and expression skills are regained Most speech and expression skills are regained

26. Possible Social, Behavioral, and Personality Changes Temper outbursts Temper outbursts Euphoria Euphoria Restlessness Restlessness Anxiety Anxiety Irritability Irritability 15-25% struggle with depression 15-25% struggle with depression Poor self-monitoring skills Poor self-monitoring skills

27. Very Low Incidence Disabilities Multiple-Severe disabilities Multiple-Severe disabilities Deaf blindness Deaf blindness

28. Multiple - Severe Often cognitive, sensory, and physical disabilities Often cognitive, sensory, and physical disabilities Focus on functional skills Focus on functional skills Require supports throughout life, usually Require supports throughout life, usually Group homes Group homes Living longer Living longer

29. Deaf blindness Often some residual hearing or vision Often some residual hearing or vision Need considerable supports Need considerable supports Often have additional disabilities Often have additional disabilities Less frequently in general education Less frequently in general education Communication and functional skills Communication and functional skills

30. Physical or Orthopedic Impairments Amputation Amputation Cerebral Palsy Cerebral Palsy Juvenile Arthritis Juvenile Arthritis Muscular Dystrophy Spina Bifida Spinal Chord Injury

32. Orthopedic Impairments (IDEA) Also called physical impairments or physical disabilities Also called physical impairments or physical disabilities IDEA definition emphasizes causes IDEA definition emphasizes causes –Congenital (born) –Disease (TB) –Other causes (CP, amputations, burns)

33. Physical Impairments Neuromotor Impairments (cause is CNS- brain and spinal cord) Neuromotor Impairments (cause is CNS- brain and spinal cord) Muscular/Skeletal conditions (cause not neurological) Muscular/Skeletal conditions (cause not neurological)

34. Neuromotor Impairments CP – Cerebral Palsy CP – Cerebral Palsy MS – Multiple Sclerosis MS – Multiple Sclerosis MD – Muscular Dystrophy MD – Muscular Dystrophy Seizure disorders – (i.e., epilepsy) Seizure disorders – (i.e., epilepsy) Spinal cord disorders – (i.e., spina bifida) Spinal cord disorders – (i.e., spina bifida)

35. Visual Impairments

36. Definitions of Visual Impairments Visual Impairments Visual Impairments - vision cannot be primary learning channel Partially Sighted Partially Sighted -some useful vision – person may see colors and figures with blurring -vision between 20/70 and 20/200 Legal definition: any of the following Legal definition: any of the following -only reads first E with both eyes -20/200 vision with glasses -tunnel vision (less than 20 degrees)

37. Definitions Continued IDEA-an impairment in vision that even with corrections, adversely affects educational performance. IDEA-an impairment in vision that even with corrections, adversely affects educational performance. –Functionally blind-uses Braille but has vision for environmental tasks. –Low vision-can read with magnification or environmental modification –Totally blind-must use tactual and auditory learning, no meaningful input through vision.

38. Definitions Continued IDEA-an impairment in vision that even with corrections, adversely affects educational performance. IDEA-an impairment in vision that even with corrections, adversely affects educational performance. –Functionally blind-uses Braille but has vision for environmental tasks. –Low vision-can read with magnification or environmental modification –Totally blind-must use tactual and auditory learning, no meaningful input through vision.

40. Insistence on sameness; resistance to change Insistence on sameness; resistance to change Difficulty expressing needs; uses gestures or points instead of words Difficulty expressing needs; uses gestures or points instead of words Repeats words in phrases in place of normal language Repeats words in phrases in place of normal language Laughs, cry, shows distress for reasons not apparent to others Laughs, cry, shows distress for reasons not apparent to others Prefers to be alone, withdrawn Prefers to be alone, withdrawn

41. Autism (characteristics) con’t Unresponsive to normal teaching methods Unresponsive to normal teaching methods Sustained odd play Sustained odd play Spins objects/ repetitive actions Spins objects/ repetitive actions Inappropriate attachments to objects Inappropriate attachments to objects Difficulty relating with others and situations Difficulty relating with others and situations May not want to cuddle or be cuddled May not want to cuddle or be cuddled Tantrums Tantrums

42. Resists learning Resists learning Resists change in routine Resists change in routine Apparent over-sensitivity or under- sensitivity to pain Apparent over-sensitivity or under- sensitivity to pain No real fears of danger No real fears of danger

43. Autism---more traits Noticeable physical over-activity or extreme under-activity Noticeable physical over-activity or extreme under-activity Uneven gross/ fine motor skills Uneven gross/ fine motor skills Not responsive to verbal cues; acts as if deaf although tests in normal range Not responsive to verbal cues; acts as if deaf although tests in normal range Little or no eye contact Little or no eye contact

44. Emotional/Behavioral Disorders Difficulty with interpersonal relationships Difficulty with interpersonal relationships Inappropriate behavior under normal circumstances Inappropriate behavior under normal circumstances General unhappy mood General unhappy mood Physical symptoms associated with fears Physical symptoms associated with fears Inability to learn not due to intellectual, health, or sensory factors Inability to learn not due to intellectual, health, or sensory factors

45. Definition of other health impairments Having limited strength, vitality, or alertness including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli that result in limited alertness with respect to the educational environment Having limited strength, vitality, or alertness including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli that result in limited alertness with respect to the educational environment May be chronic (develops slowly and has long lasting symptoms) or acute (develops quickly and has symptoms that are intense but do not last long) May be chronic (develops slowly and has long lasting symptoms) or acute (develops quickly and has symptoms that are intense but do not last long)

46. Examples Asthma Asthma AD/HD AD/HD Diabetes Diabetes Leukemia Leukemia Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia Others Others –For IDEA the condition must adversely affect a child’s educational performance or it falls under the 504 plan.