2. copyright (c) 2003 Allyn & Bacon Chapter 6 Teaching Students with Visual Impairments, Hearing Loss, Physical Disabilities, Health Impairments, or Traumatic Brain Injury This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

3. copyright (c) 2003 Allyn & Bacon Students with Visual Impairments Legal blindness Total blindness Partial sight Low vision Functional vision

4. copyright (c) 2003 Allyn & Bacon Possible delays for Students With Visual Impairments Concept development Communication Motor Skills Self-Help Social Skills

5. copyright (c) 2003 Allyn & Bacon Prevalence of Visual Impairments Low incidence disability Less than 1% of population Most students use large print to read, rather than Braille or books on tape

6. copyright (c) 2003 Allyn & Bacon Identification Red, swollen or encrusted eyes or recurring sties Excessive blinking Itchy eyesEyes that are tearing One or both eyes turn inward, outward, upward Extreme sensitivity to light Moving head to see an object Covering one eye to view an object Tripping, bumping into objects Headaches, fatigue, or dizziness

7. copyright (c) 2003 Allyn & Bacon Instructional Guidelines Braille or Braille Devices Speech Access Print Enlargement Braille Output Portable Computers

8. copyright (c) 2003 Allyn & Bacon Independence Orientation and mobility specialists Instructional Aids – Monocular – Hand held magnifiers – Prescription lenses – Large print books

9. copyright (c) 2003 Allyn & Bacon Independence Non-Optical Aids – Lamp – Reading stand – Bold or raised line paper – Hats and visors – Color overlays – Cranmer abacus – Writing guides – Measurement tools

10. copyright (c) 2003 Allyn & Bacon Hearing Loss Can occur as the result of – Heredity – Illness – Disease – Excessive prolonged exposure to loud noises – Unknown origin

11. copyright (c) 2003 Allyn & Bacon Hearing Loss Unilateral or bilateral Conductive Sensory-neural 16-25 dB = minimal 25-40 dB = moderate 65-90 dB = severe Greater than 90 dB= profound

12. copyright (c) 2003 Allyn & Bacon Ways to Identify Hearing Loss Daydreaming or inattention Watching others for cues Behavior problemsLethargy Failure to follow simple commands Using “huh” or “I don’t know” excessively Articulation errorsLimited speech or vocabulary Inappropriate responses to questions Difficulties with verbal tasks Unusual voice qualityMouth breathing

13. copyright (c) 2003 Allyn & Bacon Sample Accommodations Amplification Preferential seating Minimize environmental noise Visual cues and demonstrations Monitor for understanding Promote cooperation Face student directly Use gestures and modeling Use visual media Provide written instructions Identify speakers in group discussion

14. copyright (c) 2003 Allyn & Bacon Physical Disabilities, Health Impairments, and Traumatic Brain Injury IDEA Categories – Orthopedic impairment – Other health impairment – Traumatic brain injury Neurological Impairment – Seizure disorders, cerebral palsy, spina bifida Other Health Impairment

15. copyright (c) 2003 Allyn & Bacon Traumatic Brain Injury Lowered social inhibition and judgment Faulty reasoning Cognitive processing difficulties Lowered initiative Overestimation of abilities Depression Flat affect with sudden outbursts Agitation and irritability Fatigue

16. copyright (c) 2003 Allyn & Bacon Types and Characteristics Cerebral Palsy Spina Bifida Epilepsy Muscular Dystrophy HIV/AIDS

17. copyright (c) 2003 Allyn & Bacon Assessments Activities of daily living Attention, concentration, initiation or effort Adaptations for learning Communication Mobility Abilities and limitations Transition skills

18. copyright (c) 2003 Allyn & Bacon Accommodations Assistive technology Environmental Modifications Educating Classmates Dealing with Death Motor Skills instruction Literacy development – Repeated readings – Print at eye-level – Books on tape – Adaptive holders