1. © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek1June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09 Informatics 121 Software Design I Lecture 3 André van der Hoek Duplication of course material for any commercial purpose without the explicit written permission of the professor is prohibited.

2. © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek2June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09 Today’s Lecture Recap Defining design Assignment 3

3. © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek3June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09 Recap You now have designed… –a statue for an award in excellence in software design

4. © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek4June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09 Recap You now have designed… –a statue for an award in excellence in software design –an ideal classroom seat to be mass produced

5. © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek5June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09 Recap You now have designed… –a statue for an award in excellence in software design –an ideal classroom seat to be mass produced –a bridge

6. © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek6June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09 Recap You now have designed… –a statue for an award in excellence in software design –an ideal classroom seat to be mass produced –a bridge You have reflected (some) upon these exercises…

7. © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek7June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09 Recap You now have designed… –a statue for an award in excellence in software design –an ideal classroom seat to be mass produced –a bridge You have reflected (some) upon these exercises… But what does all this have to do with software and software design?

8. Course Roadmap Over the next several weeks, we are going to take a detour into design in general, to eventually arrive at software design and its unique aspects We will, in parallel, start designing software, to continue our hands-on focus © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek8June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09

9. © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek9June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09 Defining Design “Features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornamentation applicable to an article, being features that, in the finished article, can be judged by the eye, but does not include a method or principle of construction.” [Designs Act, 1906] “The imaginative jump from present facts to future possibilities” [Page]. “The optimum solution to the sum of true needs of a particular set of circumstances” [Matchett] “To conceive or plan out in the mind” [Merriam-Webster] “A plan or protocol for carrying out or accomplishing something” [Merriam-Webster] …

10. © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek10June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09 Defining Design The realization of an imagined state To work out a solution in one’s mind The specification that guides production The transition from possible solutions to a specific one To devise a solution to a perceived problem …

11. © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek11June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09 The Term “Design” “Design” may refer to an activity –“When I design, I always use a whiteboard first” “Design” may refer to a product –“My design is super cool, I know it will work” “Design” may refer to a field –“Software design is complex”

12. © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek12June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09 The Term “Design” “Design” may refer to an activity –“When I design, I always use a whiteboard first” –We will use: design activity “Design” may refer to a product –“My design is super cool, I know it will work” –We will use: design product “Design” may refer to a field –“Software design is complex” –We will use: design field

13. © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek13June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09 Design Fields Abound There are countless design fields –Architecture design –Graphic design –Fashion design –Game design –Chip design –Car design –Instrument design –Product design –…

14. © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek14June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09 Design Fields Abound There are countless design fields –Architecture design –Graphic design –Fashion design –Game design –Chip design –Car design –Instrument design –Product design –… But also –Law –Chemical synthesis –Process design –Study design –…

15. © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek15June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09 Design Fields Abound There are countless design fields –Architecture design –Graphic design –Fashion design –Game design –Chip design –Car design –Instrument design –Product design –… But also –Law –Chemical synthesis –Process design –Study design –… And also –Writing –Painting –Sculpting –Music composition –…

16. © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek16June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09 Design Fields Abound There are countless design fields –Architecture design –Graphic design –Fashion design –Game design –Chip design –Car design –Instrument design –Product design –… But also –Law –Chemical synthesis –Process design –Study design –… And also –Writing –Painting –Sculpturing –Music composition –… Software development is a design field, too!

17. Stakeholders Any design aims to effect a change in the world, and anyone affected by these changes, as well as anyone engaged in effecting the changes, is considered a stakeholder in the design process © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek17June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09

18. Stakeholders Any design aims to effect a change in the world, and anyone affected by these changes, as well as anyone engaged in effecting the changes, is considered a stakeholder in the design process © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek18June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09

19. Stakeholders Any design aims to effect a change in the world, and anyone affected by these changes, as well as anyone engaged in effecting the changes, is considered a stakeholder in the design process Any other stakeholders? © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek19June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09

20. Outcomes Outcomes are those things that happen to stakeholders as a result of a designer’s work © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek20June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09

21. Outcomes Outcomes are those things that happen to stakeholders as a result of a designer’s work © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek21June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09

22. Outcomes Outcomes are those things that happen to stakeholders as a result of a designer’s work Any other outcomes? Note that many of the outcomes we are talking about here are not the physical artifacts themselves, but our experiences with them © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek22June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09

23. Designs Between stakeholders and outcomes stand designs, expressions of what is to be created or done to solve the design problem © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek23June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09

24. Designs Between stakeholders and outcomes stand designs, expressions of what is to be created or done to solve the design problem © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek24June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09

25. Designs Between stakeholders and outcomes stand designs, expressions of what is to be created or done to solve the design problem Any other designs? © 2007 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek25June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09

26. Designs Between stakeholders and outcomes stand designs, expressions of what is to be created or done to solve the design problem Any other designs? What about this one? © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek26June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09

27. Final Design The design as delivered to the entity producing the envisioned “product” Is any of these sufficient? © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek27June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09

28. Complication #1: Infinities A designer may consider countless possible designs A project’s set of stakeholders may be much larger than anticipated Outcomes may last for a very long time, and change –Consider our freeways… © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek28June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09

29. Complication #2: Wickedness Stakeholders may have contradictory, incomplete, or changing requirements Different requirements may have interdependencies, so partial solutions to one may cause problems with partial solutions to another Often, outcomes cannot be predicted, or at least not guaranteed Often, there are ill-defined criteria for success, making it difficult to know when a sufficiently effective solution has been reached –Consider an architect tasked with designing a “light, airy house good for entertainment” © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek29June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09

30. Satisficing It is impossible to find a design that is truly “the best”, given the multitude of stakeholders and the subtlety and flexibility of their desires Instead, designers strive for a design that is “good enough”, they satisfice But when is a design good enough? Back to wickedness! Back to infinities! © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek30June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09

31. Practice, Practice, Practice… To learn to navigate this space, and thus learn to be a “satisficer”, it is essential to practice, practice, practice There is no theory or magic formula that will teach you to be a designer, only theory that –will help you understand what it means to be a designer –provides you with a frame of mind through which you can usefully reflect upon your design activities and design products © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek31June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09

32. © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek32June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09 Third Assignment You are tasked with designing an “electronic info portal” to be placed at every single bus, metro, and train stop in Los Angeles and Orange County, the aim of which is to assist travelers Identify as many uses, stakeholders, and goals for these stakeholders as possible Clearly document these in a typewritten document, to be handed in on Tuesday October 6, at the beginning of class –separate list of stakeholders & goals –separate list of uses, marking which stakeholders would be inclined to be involved in such use

33. © 2009 University of California, Irvine – André van der Hoek33June 17, 2015 – 23:38:09 Third Assignment (Continued) Assignment is on an individual basis, but will be continued in class on Tuesday You should identify at least ten stakeholders, with no more than half of them being sub-classes of passenger You should identify at least three goals for each stakeholder You should identify at least twenty distinct uses, though you should easily be able to identify many more The overall focus is on broad brainstorming –your document does not need to have lengthy narratives