1. COS/PSA 413 Day 9

2. Agenda Questions? Assignment 4 posted Quiz Corrected –3 A’s, 3 B’s, & 3 C’s Lab 3 w rite-ups corrected –7 A’s & 2 B’s –Difference between explain and descibe Windows hash tool –hash.ziphash.zip Continue Discussion On Working with Windows and DOS

3. Chapter 6 Working with Windows and DOS Systems Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations Third Edition

4. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations4 Examining NTFS Disks New Technology File System (NTFS) –Introduced with Windows NT –Primary file system for Windows Vista Improvements over FAT file systems –NTFS provides more information about a file –NTFS gives more control over files and folders NTFS was Microsoft’s move toward a journaling file system http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc781134.aspx

5. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations5 Examining NTFS Disks (continued) In NTFS, everything written to the disk is considered a file On an NTFS disk –First data set is the Partition Boot Sector –Next is Master File Table (MFT) NTFS results in much less file slack space Clusters are smaller for smaller disk drives NTFS also uses Unicode –An international data format

6. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations6 Examining NTFS Disks (continued)

7. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations7 NTFS File System MFT contains information about all files on the disk –Including the system files the OS uses In the MFT, the first 15 records are reserved for system files Records in the MFT are called metadata

8. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations8 NTFS File System (continued)

9. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations9 NTFS File System (continued)

10. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations10 MFT and File Attributes In the NTFS MFT –All files and folders are stored in separate records of 1024 bytes each Each record contains file or folder information –This information is divided into record fields containing metadata A record field is referred to as an attribute ID File or folder information is typically stored in one of two ways in an MFT record: –Resident and nonresident

11. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations11 MFT and File Attributes (continued) Files larger than 512 bytes are stored outside the MFT –MFT record provides cluster addresses where the file is stored on the drive’s partition Referred to as data runs Each MFT record starts with a header identifying it as a resident or nonresident attribute

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16. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations16 MFT and File Attributes (continued) When a disk is created as an NTFS file structure –OS assigns logical clusters to the entire disk partition These assigned clusters are called logical cluster numbers (LCNs) –Become the addresses that allow the MFT to link to nonresident files on the disk’s partition

17. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations17 NTFS Data Streams Data streams –Ways data can be appended to existing files –Can obscure valuable evidentiary data, intentionally or by coincidence In NTFS, a data stream becomes an additional file attribute –Allows the file to be associated with different applications You can only tell whether a file has a data stream attached by examining that file’s MFT entry

18. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations18 NTFS Compressed Files NTFS provides compression similar to FAT DriveSpace 3 Under NTFS, files, folders, or entire volumes can be compressed Most computer forensics tools can uncompress and analyze compressed Windows data

19. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations19 NTFS Encrypting File System (EFS) Encrypting File System (EFS) –Introduced with Windows 2000 –Implements a public key and private key method of encrypting files, folders, or disk volumes When EFS is used in Windows Vista Business Edition or higher, XP Professional, or 2000, –A recovery certificate is generated and sent to the local Windows administrator account Users can apply EFS to files stored on their local workstations or a remote server

20. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations20 EFS Recovery Key Agent Recovery Key Agent implements the recovery certificate –Which is in the Windows administrator account Windows administrators can recover a key in two ways: through Windows or from an MS- DOS command prompt MS-DOS commands –Cipher –Copy –Efsrecvr (used to decrypt EFS files)

21. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations21 Deleting NTFS Files When a file is deleted in Windows XP, 2000, or NT –The OS renames it and moves it to the Recycle Bin Can use the Del (delete) MS-DOS command –Eliminates the file from the MFT listing in the same way FAT does

22. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations22 Understanding Whole Disk Encryption In recent years, there has been more concern about loss of –Personal identity information (PII) and trade secrets caused by computer theft Of particular concern is the theft of laptop computers and other handheld devices To help prevent loss of information, software vendors now provide whole disk encryption

23. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations23 Understanding Whole Disk Encryption (continued) Current whole disk encryption tools offer the following features: –Preboot authentication –Full or partial disk encryption with secure hibernation –Advanced encryption algorithms –Key management function –A Trusted Platform Module (TPM) microchip to generate encryption keys and authenticate logins

24. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations24 Understanding Whole Disk Encryption (continued) Whole disk encryption tools encrypt each sector of a drive separately Many of these tools encrypt the drive’s boot sector –To prevent any efforts to bypass the secured drive’s partition To examine an encrypted drive, decrypt it first –Run a vendor-specific program to decrypt the drive

25. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations25 Examining Microsoft BitLocker Available only with Vista Enterprise and Ultimate editions Hardware and software requirements –A computer capable of running Windows Vista –The TPM microchip, version 1.2 or newer –A computer BIOS compliant with Trusted Computing Group (TCG) –Two NTFS partitions –The BIOS configured so that the hard drive boots first before checking other bootable peripherals

26. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations26 Examining Third-Party Disk Encryption Tools Some available third-party WDE utilities: –PGP Whole Disk Encryption –Voltage SecureDisk –Utimaco SafeGuard Easy –Jetico BestCrypt Volume Encryption –SoftWinter Sentry 2020 for Windows XP Some available open-source encryption tools: –TrueCrypt –CrossCrypt –FreeOTFE

27. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations27 Understanding the Windows Registry Registry –A database that stores hardware and software configuration information, network connections, user preferences, and setup information For investigative purposes, the Registry can contain valuable evidence To view the Registry, you can use: –Regedit (Registry Editor) program for Windows 9x systems –Regedt32 for Windows 2000 and XP

28. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations28 Exploring the Organization of the Windows Registry Registry terminology: –Registry –Registry Editor –HKEY –Key –Subkey –Branch –Value –Default value –Hives

29. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations29 Exploring the Organization of the Windows Registry (continued)

30. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations30 Exploring the Organization of the Windows Registry (continued)

31. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations31 Exploring the Organization of the Windows Registry (continued)

32. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations32 Examining the Windows Registry Use ProDiscover Basic to extract System.dat and User.dat from an image file

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34. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations34 Examining the Windows Registry (continued)

35. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations35 Examining the Windows Registry (continued) Use AccessData Registry Viewer to see what information you can find in these files

36. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations36 Examining the Windows Registry (continued)

37. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations37 Examining the Windows Registry (continued)

38. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations38 Examining the Windows Registry (continued)

39. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations39 Understanding Microsoft Startup Tasks Learn what files are accessed when Windows starts This information helps you determine when a suspect’s computer was last accessed –Important with computers that might have been used after an incident was reported

40. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations40 Startup in Windows NT and Later All NTFS computers perform the following steps when the computer is turned on: –Power-on self test (POST) –Initial startup –Boot loader –Hardware detection and configuration –Kernel loading –User logon

41. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations41 Startup in Windows NT and Later (continued) Startup Files for Windows XP: –NT Loader (NTLDR) –Boot.ini –BootSect.dos –NTDetect.com –NTBootdd.sys –Ntoskrnl.exe –Hal.dll –Pagefile.sys –Device drivers

42. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations42 Startup in Windows NT and Later (continued) Windows XP System Files

43. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations43 Startup in Windows NT and Later (continued) Contamination Concerns with Windows XP –When you start a Windows XP NTFS workstation, several files are accessed immediately The last access date and time stamp for the files change to the current date and time –Destroys any potential evidence That shows when a Windows XP workstation was last used

44. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations44 Startup in Windows 9x/Me System files in Windows 9x/Me containing valuable information can be altered easily during startup Windows 9x and Windows Me have similar boot processes –With Windows Me you can’t boot to a true MS-DOS mode Windows 9x OSs have two modes: –DOS protected-mode interface (DPMI) –Protected-mode GUI

45. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations45 Startup in Windows 9x/Me (continued) The system files used by Windows 9x have their origin in MS-DOS 6.22 –Io.sys communicates between a computer’s BIOS, the hardware, and the OS kernel If F8 is pressed during startup, Io.sys loads the Windows Startup menu –Msdos.sys is a hidden text file containing startup options for Windows 9x –Command.com provides a command prompt when booting to MS-DOS mode (DPMI)

46. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations46 Startup in Windows 9x/Me (continued)

47. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations47 Understanding MS-DOS Startup Tasks Two files are used to configure MS-DOS at startup: –Config.sys A text file containing commands that typically run only at system startup to enhance the computer’s DOS configuration –Autoexec.bat A batch file containing customized settings for MS- DOS that runs automatically Io.sys is the first file loaded after the ROM bootstrap loader finds the disk drive

48. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations48 Understanding MS-DOS Startup Tasks (continued) Msdos.sys is the second program to load into RAM immediately after Io.sys –It looks for the Config.sys file to configure device drivers and other settings Msdos.sys then loads Command.com As the loading of Command.com nears completion, Msdos.sys looks for and loads Autoexec.bat

49. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations49 Other Disk Operating Systems Control Program for Microprocessors (CP/M) –First nonspecific microcomputer OS –Created by Digital Research in 1970 –8-inch floppy drives; no support for hard drives Digital Research Disk Operating System (DR-DOS) –Developed in 1988 to compete with MS-DOS –Used FAT12 and FAT16 and had a richer command environment

50. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations50 Other Disk Operating Systems (continued) Personal Computer Disk Operating System (PC- DOS) –Created by Microsoft under contract for IBM –PC-DOS works much like MS-DOS

51. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations51 Understanding Virtual Machines Virtual machine –Allows you to create a representation of another computer on an existing physical computer A virtual machine is just a few files on your hard drive –Must allocate space to it A virtual machine recognizes components of the physical machine it’s loaded on –Virtual OS is limited by the physical machine’s OS

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53. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations53 Understanding Virtual Machines (continued) In computer forensics –Virtual machines make it possible to restore a suspect drive on your virtual machine And run nonstandard software the suspect might have loaded From a network forensics standpoint, you need to be aware of some potential issues, such as: –A virtual machine used to attack another system or network

54. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations54 Creating a Virtual Machine Two popular applications for creating virtual machines –VMware and Microsoft Virtual PC Using Virtual PC –You must download and install Virtual PC first

55. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations55 Creating a Virtual Machine (continued)

56. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations56 Creating a Virtual Machine (continued)

57. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations57 Creating a Virtual Machine (continued)

58. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations58 Creating a Virtual Machine (continued) You need an ISO image of an OS –Because no OSs are provided with Virtual PC Virtual PC creates two files for each virtual machine: –A.vhd file, which is the actual virtual hard disk –A.vmc file, which keeps track of configurations you make to that disk See what type of physical machine your virtual machine thinks it’s running –Open the Virtual PC Console, and click Settings

59. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations59 Creating a Virtual Machine (continued)

60. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations60 Creating a Virtual Machine (continued)

61. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations61 Summary When booting a suspect’s computer, using boot media, such as forensic boot floppies or CDs, you must ensure that disk evidence isn’t altered The Master Boot Record (MBR) stores information about partitions on a disk Microsoft used FAT12 and FAT16 on older operating systems To find a hard disk’s capacity, use the cylinders, heads, and sectors (CHS) calculation

62. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations62 Summary (continued) When files are deleted in a FAT file system, the Greek letter sigma (0x05) is inserted in the first character of the filename in the directory New Technology File System (NTFS) is more versatile because it uses the Master File Table (MFT) to track file information In NTFS, data streams can obscure information that might have evidentiary value

63. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations63 Summary (continued) Maintain a library of older operating systems and applications NTFS can encrypt data with EFS and BitLocker NTFS can compress files, folders, or volumes Windows Registry keeps a record of attached hardware, user preferences, network connections, and installed software Virtual machines enable you to run other OSs from a Windows computer