1. Chapter 50 Introduction to Ecology

2. Ecology studies the interactions between organisms and their environment. These interactions determine… DistributionAbundance Where do they live?How many are there?

3. 250 200 150 100 50 0 m Fin whale: Balaenoptera physalus Distribution during Feb-Mar 2000-2001 from visual surveys The distribution and abundance of organisms is determined by the interactions between organisms and their environment Abiotic Biotic (nonliving components)(living components) Relative importance of each component

4. End Start End of spring Summer Start of fall Dainet Balaenoptera physalus Gulf of California population BBCt B. Tershy

5. 500 species of cichliids from Lake Malawi in the last 1 million years T. D. Kocher First, trophic morphology; subsequently, sexual selection Interactions between organisms and their environment that occur over a long enough period of time promote evolutionary change. Nature 2005 Apparently, sexual selection Hawaiian crickets, one of the highest rates of speciation

6. Organismal ecology coping Population ecology limiting factors Community ecology interspecific interactions and diversity Ecosystem ecology energy flow and chemical cycling Landscape ecology effects on interactions at lower levels Biosphere ecology global effects

7. DISPERSAL Accidental or deliberate introduction Fig. 50.8

8. BEHAVIOR/HABITAT SELECTION Avoidance of certain areas C. Roessler

9. BIOTIC FACTORS Predation, competition, parasitism, disease, pollination Fig. 50.9

10. Effect on biological processes. Most organisms unable to regulate body temperature. Aquatic: water balance. Terrestrial: desiccation. Provides energy to photosynthetic organisms. Photoperiod: cuing of daily and seasonal cycles. ABIOTIC FACTORS TEMPERATURE, WATER, sunlight, wind Climate Increases heat and water loss. Affects plant morphology. Salinity, pH, rocks, soil, oxygen, density

11. Solar radiation and latitude Fig. 50.11

12. Seasonal variations Fig. 50.12

13. Seasonal effects on climate in the ocean

14. Upwelling index Sea surface temperature Productivity Chlorophyll Blue whale sightings Monterey Bay Krill backscatter Data from D. Croll

15. Local effects on climate Fig. 50.14

16. Aquatic Biomes Largest component. Vertical stratification: light, temperature, salinity, density. Oceans (3% salt): rainfall, climate, wind. Give O 2 and take CO 2. Freshwater (< 1% salt): linked to soil and biota of terrestrial biomes. Fig. 50.17

17. Ocean zonation Fig. 50.22

18. Terrestrial Biomes Fig. 50.24