1. Audit Sampling

2. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9-2 What is Audit Sampling? Applying a procedure to less than 100% of a population To estimate some characteristic of the population Qualitative Quantitative

3. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9-3 Advantages of Statistical Sampling Design efficient samples Measure sufficiency of evidence Objectively evaluate sample results

4. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9-4 Selection of Random Sample Random number tables Random number generators Systematic selection

5. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9-5 Types of Statistical Sampling Plans Attributes sampling Discovery sampling Classical variables sampling Probability-proportional-to-size sampling

6. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9-6 Requirements of Audit Sampling Plans When planning the sample consider: The relationship of the sample to the relevant audit objective Materiality or the maximum tolerable misstatement or deviation rate Allowable sampling risk Characteristics of the population Select sample items in such a manner that they can be expected to be representative of the population Sample results should be projected to the population Items that cannot be audited should be treated as misstatements or deviations in evaluating the sample results Nature and cause of misstatements or deviations should be evaluated

7. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9-7 Sampling Risks--Tests of Controls Correct Decision Incorrect Decision (Risk of Assessing Control Risk Too High) Incorrect Decision (Risk of Assessing Control Risk Too Low) Correct Decision True State of Population Deviation Rate Deviation Rate Exceeds Is Less Than Auditors’ Conclusion Tolerable Rate Tolerable Rate From the Sample Is: Deviation Rate Exceeds Tolerable Rate Deviation Rate Is Less Than Tolerable Rate

8. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9-8 Audit Sampling for Tests of Controls Determine the objective of the test Define the attributes and deviation conditions Define the population to be sampled Choose an audit sampling technique Specify: The risk of assessing control risk too low The tolerable deviation rate Estimate the population deviation rate Determine the sample size Select the sample Test the sample items Evaluate the sample results Document the sampling procedure

9. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9-9 Sampling Risks--Substantive Tests True State of Population Misstatement in Misstatement in Account Exceeds Account Is Less Auditors’ Conclusion Tolerable Amount Than Tolerable From the Sample Is : Amount Misstatement in Account Exceeds Tolerable Amount Misstatement in Account Is Less Than Tolerable Amount Correct Decision Incorrect Decision (Risk of Incorrect Rejection) Incorrect Decision (Risk of Incorrect Acceptance) Correct Decision

10. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9-10 Audit Sampling for Substantive Tests Determine the objective of the test Define the population and sampling unit Choose an audit sampling technique Determine the sample size Select the sample Test the sample items Evaluate the sample results Document the sampling procedure

11. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9-11 Factors Affecting Sample Size Risk of incorrect rejection Risk of incorrect acceptance Tolerable misstatement Characteristics of the population

12. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9-12 Population Variability—Why it Matters Item Population APopulation B 1 2,100 8,000 2 2,100 25 3 2,100 2,000 4 2,100 400 5 2,100 75 Mean 2,100 2,100 Standard deviation -0- 3,395  The variability determines how much information each of the items in the population tells you about the other items in the population.

13. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9-13 Determining Sample Size--MPU Sample size =

14. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9-14 Determining Sample Size--MPU Sampling Planned allowance for sampling risk = Tolerable misstatement ______________________ 1 + Incorrect acceptance coef. Incorrect rejection coef.

15. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9-15 Variables Sampling Illustration--MPU Adjusted allowance for sampling risk = Tolerable _ (Population size * Incorrect acceptance coef. * Sample stan. dev.) misstatement Sample size This formula “adjusts” the allowance for sampling risk to consider the standard deviation of the audited values in the sample. It holds the risk of incorrect acceptance at its planned level.

16. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9-16 Variables Sampling Illustration--MPU Using the text example with a standard deviation of audited values of $16 Adjusted allowance for sampling risk = Tolerable _ (Population size * Incorrect acceptance coef. * Sample stan. dev.) misstatement Sample size = $364,000 _ ($100,000 * 1.64 * $16) 225 = $189,067 We would still “accept” the book balance because the $6,250,000 (book value) falls within this interval Estimate of total + Adjusted allowance audited value for sampling risk $6,100,000 + $189,067 [$5,910,933 to $6,289,067]

17. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9-17 Nonstatistical Variables Sampling Illustration Plan Sample: Population: Size = 363 items Book value = $200,000 Tolerable misstatement = $10,000 Risk assessments: Inherent and control risk = Slightly below maximum Other substantive tests = Moderate

18. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9-18 Nonstatistical Sampling--Determination of Sample Size Sample size = Population book value X Reliability factor Tolerable misstatement = $200,000 X 2.0 = 40 items $10,000

19. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9-19 Nonstatistical Sampling--Evaluation of Sample Results Sample results: 40 accounts in sample $350 net overstatement $60,000 book value of sample items Projected misstatement: = [Sample net misstatement] X Book value of population [ Book value of sample ] = [ $350 ] X $200,000 [$60,000] = $1,167 Since the projected misstatement is only 11.7 percent ($1,167/$10,000) of tolerable misstatement, it is likely that the auditors would conclude that the account balance is materially correct.

20. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9-20 PPS Sampling Illustration Population book value = $6,250,000 Other Information: Tolerable misstatement = $364,000 Sampling risk--Incorrect acceptance = 5% Expected misstatement = $50,000 Use Figures 9-14 and 9-15 to obtain a “reliability factor” and an “expansion factor.”

21. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9-21 PPS Sample Size Computation Sample size = Recorded amount of population * Reliability factor Tolerable misstatement - (Expected misstatement * Expansion factor) = $6,250,000 * 3.0 = 66 $364,000 - ($50,000 * 1.6) Sampling interval = Book value of the population Sample size = $6,250,000 = $95,000 (approximately) 66

22. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9-22 PPS Evaluation of Results Upper Limit on misstatement = Projected misstatement + Basic precision (Rel. factor x interval) + Incremental allowance