1. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Issues in Policing CHAPTER 6

2. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 police stress on the job dangers use of deadly force public expectations surrounding the enforcement of laws societal change Contemporary Policing Issues and Challenges

3. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Police have their own: customs laws morality Police Culture William Westly (1953)

4. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Working Personality: … All aspects of the traditional values and patterns of behavior evidenced by police officers who have been effectively socialized into the police subculture.

5. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Characteristics of the police personality often extend to the personal lives of law enforcement officers. Working Personality

6. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Police Personality Authoritarian Dogmatic Individualistic Efficient Prejudiced Cynical Suspicious Insecure Honorable Conservative Hostile Loyal Secret

7. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Corruption and Integrity

8. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Power, authority, and discretion produce great potential for abuse. Corruption and Integrity

9. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Corruption: … the abuse of police authority for personal or organizational gain.

10. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Corruption: Grass Eaters … illegitimate activity which occurs from time to time in the normal course of police work. Most common form of corruption. Includes gratuities, playing favorites, intentional speeding, minor bribes etc.

11. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Corruption: Meat Eaters … active seeking of illicit money-making opportunities by officers. More serious form of corruption. Includes role malfeasance, major bribes…

12. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Corruption: Meat Eaters protecting corrupt cops property crimes committed by police burglary theft criminal enterprises resale of confiscated drugs resale of stolen property

13. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Corruption: Meat Eaters denying civil rights specific acts prevent due process violent crimes committed by police physical abuse of suspects non-justifiable homicide

14. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels of Corruption

15. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Police Ethics: … the special responsibility to adhere to moral duty and obligation that is inherent in police work.

16. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Integrity Promoting police integrity by: integrating police ethics training into programs conducting research in the area of ethics studying departments that are models in the area of police ethics

17. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Drug Testing of Police Employees National Institute of Justice Study: 33 large police departments were sampled almost all departments had written procedures to test employees who were reasonably suspected of drug abuse.

18. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Drug Testing of Police Employees National Institute of Justice Study: 73% of the departments were testing recruits. 21% were considering testing all officers.

19. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Dangers of Police Work Officer Deaths in 2001

20. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Risk of Disease AIDS Hepatitis B Tuberculosis Anthrax

21. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Risk of Disease Possible Ways of Transmission: from breath alcohol instruments handling evidence of all types handling implements such as staples emergency delivery of a baby risk of bite attacks by infected individuals body removal

22. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Stress/ Frustration in Police Work

23. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Stress is a normal component of police work. Police work ranks among the top ten stress-producing jobs in the United States. Stress

24. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Serious stress over long periods can be destructive and life threatening. Stress

25. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Stress Four Types external organizational personal operational

26. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Stress: External … real danger when answering calls. fights in progress possible gun play hostage situations high speed car chases

27. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Stress: Organizational … generated by factors like paperwork, training. requirements, and testifying in court.

28. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Stress: Personal … interpersonal relationships among officers.

29. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Stress: Operational … impact of the need to combat tragedies of daily urban life.

30. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Reality is far from ideal. An arrest may not lead to conviction. Evidence may not be admissible. Jury may acquit. Sentences may not be long enough Stress / Frustration

31. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Police become frustrated by the inability to be effective, regardless of the amount of personal effort they put forth. Stress / Frustration

32. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The suicide rate for police officers is twice that of the general population. Stress / Frustration

33. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Limits on Use of Force

34. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Police Civil Liability Failure to protect property in police custody Negligence in the care of suspects in police custody Failure to render proper emergency medical assistance Failure to prevent a foreseeable crime Failure to aid private citizens Lack of due regard for the safety of others False arrest Major Sources:

35. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Police Civil Liability False imprisonment Inappropriate use of deadly force Unnecessary assault or battery Malicious prosecution Violations of constitutional rights Patterns of unfair and inequitable treatment Racial profiling Major Sources:

36. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Racial Profiling: … any police-initiated action that relies on the race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than [1] the behavior of an individual, or [2] on information that leads the police to a particular individual who has been identified as being, or having been, engaged in criminal activity.

37. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1983 Lawsuits passed by Congress in 1871 allows for civil suits to be brought against anyone [including police] for denying others their constitutional rights to life, liberty or property without due process Title 42, Section 1983

38. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Police Use of Force: … use of physical restraint by a police officer when dealing with a member of the public.

39. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Imminent Danger Standard: … restricts the use of deadly force to ONLY those situations where the lives of agents or others are in danger.

40. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Threat and Use of Force During Arrests

41. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Type of Force Used During Arrests

42. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Private Protective Services

43. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Private Protective Services Nearly 2,000,000 people are estimated to be working in private security today. Types of private security services: company guards mall security bank guards executive protection

44. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Private Protective Services: … those self-employed individuals and privately funded business entities and organizations providing security-related services to specific clientele for a fee…

45. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Private Protective Services: … for the individual or entity that retains or employs them, or for themselves, in order to protect their persons, private property, or interests from various hazards.

46. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Private Security Services store/mall security school security nuclear facility security hospital security automated teller machine services railroad detectives loss prevention specialists computer/information security Types of Private Security Services:

47. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Private Security Services Security Bureau, Inc. Wackenhut Corp. Guardsmark, Inc. American Protective Services Globe Security

48. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Private Security Services Wells Fargo Guard Services Advance Security, Inc. Pinkerton’s, Inc. Allied Security, Inc. Burns International Security Services