1. Decolonization End of European Hegemony and the Challenge to BiPolar order of the 3 rd World “European Civilization:” A Gift that keeps on giving. 1994 Rwanda Genocide

2. Great Britain Gandhi and the end of British Rule Factors compelling ending of British Rule Partition of India 1947 Independence for Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Burma (Myanmar) 1946 Egypt—1953 Sudan—1956 Kenya -- 1963 Nigeria; Ghana--1960 Zimbabwe and Zambia--1980

3. Don Stephen Senanayake (1884- 1952 [Sri Lanka Gandhi, 1869-1948 Sao Shwe Thaik, 1894-1962

4. France Impact of World War II—occupation of France and its empire Renewed nationalist movements Failed attempts to form effective Union: France proper; protectorates; and associate states Indochina War—Dienbienphu, 1954 Laos—1954 Vietnam—1955 Cambodia--1953 Algeria—1952-1962 Tunisia—1956 Morocco—1956 French West Africa—1958 (Mauritania, Senegal, French Sudan (now Mali), French Guinea (now Guinea), Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), Dahomey (now Benin) and Niger.)

5. Jomo Kenyatta, 1894-1978

6. Belgium and the Netherlands Christian Socialists under Gaston Eyskens grant independence to the Congo in 1958- 1960. Secessions of South Katai and Kantaga in 1960 and murder of Patrice Lumumba in 1961. Indonesian Independence—1949; West Irian independence and incorporation into Indonesia—1945-1962.

7. Bandung Conference, 1956 Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and principles of the charter of the United Nations Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations Recognition of the equality of all races and of the equality of all nations large and small Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal affairs of another country Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself, singly or collectively, in conformity with the charter of the United Nations (a) Abstention from the use of arrangements of collective defence to serve any particular interests of the big powers (b) Abstention by any country from exerting pressures on other countries Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, such as negotiation, conciliation, arbitration or judicial settlement as well as other peaceful means of the parties own choice, in conformity with the charter of the United Nations Promotion of mutual interests and cooperation Respect for justice and international obligations. “They taught us to speak Dutch!”

8. So What? Balance of power in UN general assembly shifts to Africa. Emergence of 3 rd world. Cold war competition in newly decolonized world. Cold War realities—arms races--made Europe relevant as a source for industrial and technological know how and development.